1st 4-chapter test for Mr. Toy's AP US History; American Pageant 10th edition
Terms : Hide Images
| 153204430 | imperialism | empire building; industrial powers of Europe scrambled for colonies (Africa, SE Asia, China, Indo-China (FR), Latin America) to serve as markets for goods and for them to supply raw goods | |
| 153204431 | Josiah Strong | Reverend who wrote "Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis"; trumpeted the superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization and summoned Americans to spread their religion and their values to the "backward" peoples | |
| 153204432 | (Theodore) Roosevelt and (Henry Cabot) Lodge | two Americans who interpreted Darwinism to mean that the earth belonged to the strong and the fit | |
| 153204433 | (Alfred Thayer) Mahan | wrote "The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783" in 1890; argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance; helped stimulate the naval race among the great powers | |
| 153204434 | (James G.) Blaine | Secretary of State who pushed the "Big Sister" policy, aiming to rally the Latin American nations behind Uncle Sam's leadership and to open Latin American markets to Yankee traders | |
| 153204435 | Big Sister Policy | policy pushed by secretary of state James G. Blaine that displayed America's developing international interest; aimed to rally Latin Americans behind the US and open Latin American markets to US interests. The Pan-American Conference was a product of this policy. | |
| 153204436 | (first) Pan-American Conference | held in Washington, D.C. in 1889; led by Blaine, they succeeded in blazing the way for a long and increasingly important series of inter-American assemblages | |
| 153204437 | Samoan Islands | in the South Pacific, where American and German navies nearly came to blows in 1889 | |
| 153204438 | New Orleans | in 1891, 11 Italians were lynched, bringing the Americans and the Italians to the brink of war | |
| 153204439 | Port Valparaiso | in 1892, American demands on Chile after the deaths of 2 American sailors in this port made hostilities between the 2 countries | |
| 153204440 | Pribilof Islands | off the coast of Alaska where there was argument between United States and Canada over seal hunting; later the problem was solved by arbitration in 1893 | |
| 153204441 | (Richard) Olney | Secretary of State under Cleveland who presented a smashing note, later dubbed a "twenty-inch gun" by Cleveland, which declared that the British, by attempting to dominate Venezuela, were flouting the Monroe Doctrine and London should therefore submit the dispute to arbitration | |
| 153204442 | John Bull | a Britain who said that America had no say in the dispute between Britain and Venezuela | |
| 153284356 | splendid isolation | The traditional British policy of thinking of Britain as separate from the rest of Europe. It turned into insecurity when the European political atmosphere became menacing, esp. when Kaiser Wilhelm II was about to challenge British naval supremacy. | |
| 153204443 | Wilhelm II | German kaiser who increased chances of a peaceful solution to the Venezuelan crisis by congratulating the Dutch Boers in capturing an unauthorized British raiding party of 600 men | |
| 153204444 | Great Rapprochement | also known as reconciliation; British wanted to cultivate Yankee friendship and thus inaugurated an era of "patting the eagle's head" which replaced "twisting the lion's tail"; new Anglo-American cordiality became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies as the twentieth century opened | |
| 153204445 | Hawaiian Islands | where America regarded as its way station and provisioning point for Yankee shippers, sailors, and whalers because of its location at almost midway between Asia and North America | |
| 153204446 | Queen Liliuokalani | autocrat who insisted that native Hawaiians should control Hawaii, not Americans | |
| 153204447 | insurrectos | Cubans who adopted a scorched-earth policy and torched cane fields and sugar mills and even dynamited passenger trains | |
| 153204448 | ("Butcher") Weyler | Spanish General who undertook to crush the rebellion in Cuba by herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps, where they could not give assistance to the armed insurrectos; removed in 1897 | |
| 153204449 | yellow journalism | mainly spread by Hearst and Pulitzer who tried to outdo each other with screeching headlines and hair-raising "scoops" | |
| 153204450 | (Frederic) Remington | sent by Hearst to Cuba to draw sketches but reported that conditions were not bad enough to warrant hostilities; he depicted Spanish customs officials brutally disrobing and searching an American woman | |
| 153204451 | Maine | an American battleship to Cuba sent by Washington in early 1898 for a "friendly visit" but actually to protect and evacuate Americans if a dangerous flare-up should again occur; mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898 with a loss of 260 officers and men | |
| 153204452 | (Dupuy de) Lôme | Spanish minister in Washington whose private letter, which criticized President McKinley, was headlined in Heart's Journal thus forcing him to resign | |
| 153204453 | (H.G.) Rickover | Admiral under US Navy who gave the final answer to the Maine mystery by presenting evidence that the initial explosion had resulted from spontaneous combustion in one of the coal bunkers adjacent to a powder magazine | |
| 153204454 | Teller Amendment | adopted on April 11, 1898; proclaimed that when the US had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom | |
| 153204455 | (John D.) Long | secretary of the US Navy; assistant was Theodore Roosevelt who cabled Dewey to descend upon Spain's Philippines in the event of war | |
| 153204456 | (George) Dewey | commander of the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong who sailed to the Philippines on May 1, 1898 with 6 warships into the harbor of Manila where he destroyed 10 Spanish ships; afterwards he was promoted to the rank of admiral | |
| 153204457 | (Emilio) Aguinaldo | part-Chinese leader of the Filipino insurgents who aided Dewey in Manila on August 13, 1898; on February 4, 1899, led the open insurrection against the Puerto Filipinos | |
| 153204458 | Cervera | Admiral of the Spanish fleet of warships to Cuba; had a "suicidal" naval fleet and finally found refuge in Santiago harbor where he was blockaded by the much more powerful American fleet | |
| 153204459 | (William R.) Shafter | obese general who led the invading force against Cervera | |
| 153204460 | "Rough Riders" | a part of the invading army against Cervera; colorful regiment of volunteers, western cowboys, and other hardy characters; organized principally by Theodore Roosevelt; half of them finally got to Cuba without most of their horses, thus came to be known as "Wood's Weary Walkers" | |
| 153204461 | Leonard Wood | commanded the "Rough Riders" in Cuba; later set up an American military government in Cuba | |
| 153204462 | El Caney and San Juan Hill | where fighting broke out on July 1, the latter which Colonel Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" charged up; the Spaniards, more ill-prepared than the Americans, couldn't muster up more than 2000 men at this spot | |
| 153204463 | (Nelson A.) Miles | famed Indian-fighter who commanded the American army which descended upon Puerto Rico | |
| 153204464 | "round-robin" | is signed in circular form around the edges of a document so that no one person can be punished as the first signer | |
| 153204465 | "little brown brothers" | a derogatory phrase that referred to the Filipinos by Taft | |
| 153204466 | Treaty of Paris 1898 | McKinley decided to keep the Philippines, but Manila had been captured the day after the armistice was signed, and the islands could not properly be listed among the spoils of war; Americans at length agreed to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippine Islands | |
| 153204467 | Anti-Imperialist League | fought the McKinley administration's expansionist moves; included presidents of Stanford and Harvard universities, philosopher William James, novelist Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie; said that annexing the Philippines was violating the "consent of the governed" philosophy of the Declaration of Independence | |
| 153204468 | Foraker Act of 1900 | Congress accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and in 1917 granted them US citizenship | |
| 153204469 | Insular Cases | began in 1901; a badly divided Supreme Court decreed that the flag did outrun the Constitution, and that the outdistanced document did not necessarily extend with full force to the new windfalls | |
| 153204470 | Dr. Walter Reed | one of many who tried to prevent yellow fever; experimented on American soldiers and found that the stegomyia mosquito was the lethal carrier | |
| 153204471 | Platt Amendment | Cubans were forced to write into their own constitution of 1901 this amendment, granting Americans the right to oversee affairs in Cuba in case something goes wrong, such as an imperial power taking over | |
| 153204472 | Guantanamo | one of two coaling or naval stations that was promised by Cubans to be sold or leased to the US; the US is still thereon about 28000 acres under the Platt Amendment | |
| 153204473 | Jingoism | from Kipling; America should be willing to fight to prove to anyone who challenges us, fighting to defend our best interest | |
| 153204474 | "splendid little war" | is what John Hay called the Spanish-American War; anti-imperialist William James called the war "our squalid war with Spain" | |
| 153204475 | Elihu Root | took over the reins at the War Department and established a general staff and founded the War College in Washington | |
| 153204476 | (Joseph "Fighting Joe") Wheeler | a Confederate cavalry hero of many Civil War battles who was given a command in Cuba; allegedly cried, "To hell with the Yankees! Dammit, I mean the Spaniards." | |
| 153204477 | Philippine Commission | appointed by McKinley in 1899 to make appropriate recommendations; in its second year, was headed by Taft | |
| 153204478 | "benevolent assimilation" | under McKinley, millions of American dollars were poured into the islands to improve roads, sanitation, and public health; "pioneers of the blackboard" helped make English the second language | |
| 153204479 | Subic Bay NAS (naval air station) and Clark Airfield | set up in the Philippines so launch any kind of attack against Cold War enemies (but said it would protect Philippines); imposed a 99-year lease from 1898-1997 but in early 1900s when asked for an extension, rejected, so both facilities were shut down | |
| 153204480 | Dole Pineapple Plantation and Cannery | strongholds in Hawaii, called Pineapple Island; shut down and now a maze, gift shop, etc.; relocated to the Philippines, where labor cost is cheaper | |
| 153284357 | Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association | This company, beginning in 1906, aggressively recruited workers from the Philippines to serve as cheap agricultural laborers in Hawaii. | |
| 153204481 | spheres of influence | imperial powers carved these in China's Manchu government because markets were lucrative (BR had its extraterritoriality) | |
| 153204482 | John Hay | McKinley's Secretary of State who was also a quiet but witty poet-novelist-diplomat with a flair for capturing the popular imagination | |
| 153204483 | Open Door Policy | proposed by John Hay, urging the great powers to announce that in their spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition; America finally got its foot in the hold of the door of China's markets, and other powers grudgingly accepted because America was the #1 power by 1900 | |
| 153204484 | Boxer Rebellion | "Boxers" were a superpatriotic secret society angry with China and tried to turn the country back who broke loose in 1900; over 200 missionaries and other whites were murdered, and a number of foreign diplomats were besieged in the capital, Beijing; the victorious allied invaders (Jap, Russ, BR, FR, Ger, Am) assessed China an indemnity of $333 million, of which America's share was to be $24.5 million (it remitted $18 million) | |
| 153204485 | (Theodore) Roosevelt (TR) | the cowboy hero of San Juan Hill, he had been elected governor of NY, where the local political bosses decided to "kick him upstairs" into the vice presidency; became president after McKinley was assassinated (youngest president; youngest elected pres was JFK); was an egoist who overshadowed everyone; his cowboy image was inspiring | |
| 153204486 | "big stick" policy | "speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far"; Roosevelt's policy of holding power over everyone | |
| 153204487 | Ugly American | like after the Mexican War, was the image of America as America was seen as powerful and threatening | |
| 153204488 | Hay-Pauncefote Treaty | in 1901, gave the US a free hand to build the canal and conceded the right to fortify it as well; before, under the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, America could not | |
| 153284358 | French Canal Company | agents from this company were eager to salvage something from their costly failure at S-shaped Panama so opposed the Nicaraguan route | |
| 153284359 | (Philippe) Bunau-Varilla | young, energetic, and unscrupulous engineer who represented the New Panama Canal Company which suddenly dropped the price of its holdings from $109 million to $40 million | |
| 153284360 | Panamanian Revolution (Revolt) | occurred on November 2, 1903 when Bunau-Varilla and 500 from the fire department revolted because they were afraid that the US would switch to the Nicaraguan route after treaty with Colombia failed | |
| 153284361 | Hay - Bunau-Varilla Treaty | price of the canal strip was left the same, but the zone was widened from 6 to 10 miles; the French pocketed its $40 million from the US; signed by Bunau-Varilla, now the Panamanian minister | |
| 153284362 | "cowboy diplomacy" | TR's policy during the dispute over the Panama Canal; shows America's ruthlessness, especially when TR said, "When Congress debated, I took Panama." | |
| 153284363 | (George Washington) Goethals | a West Point engineer who perfected the Panama Canal | |
| 153284364 | (William C.) Gorgas | a determined exterminator of yellow fever in Havana who ultimately made the Canal Zone "as safe as a health resort" | |
| 153284365 | Roosevelt Corollary | also known as "preventive intervention," this was TR's perversion of the Monroe Doctrine; declared that in the event of future financial malfeasance by the Latin American nations, the US itself would intervene, take over the customs houses, pay off the debts,and keep the troublesome powers on the other side of the Atlantic | |
| 153284366 | Bad Neighbor Policy | policy similar to the Ugly American image because of US's attempt to intervene with Latin American affairs and take over if necessary | |
| 153284367 | James Bryce | referred to the final success of the Panama Canal "the greatest liberty Man has ever taken with Nature" | |
| 153284368 | banana republics | bankrupt Latin American countries that often had single-crop economies and depended on European loans | |
| 153284369 | United Fruit Company | American company with a monopoly on tropical fruit during the 20th century which exploited resources | |
| 153284370 | Anaconda Copper Company | US dominant company during the 1970s in Chile, where copper mines are major | |
| 153284371 | "enemy of my enemy is my friend" | a quote during the Cold War, especially to justify America's support of fascist countries that were anti-communism | |
| 153284372 | PRI | "revolutionary institutional party," also the ruling party in Mexico during the 20th~21st centuries; every elected president except one were part of this party | |
| 153284373 | (Manuel) Noriega | dictator from Panama who was taken down by Bush Sr. when started to ship cocaine to US | |
| 153284374 | Sandinistas | communist revolutionaries who overthrew the Samosa family dictator in Nicaragua and won control during Reagan's presidency | |
| 153284375 | Contras | literally "against," they were backed by US to overthrow the Sandinistas | |
| 153284376 | (Salvador) Allende | won plurality for presidency in Chile; was a socialist and wanted to improve economy, so he nationalized copper mines, which made US not happy | |
| 153284377 | Pinochet | became military dictator of Chile in 1973; was a fascist but an anti-communist so was technically an US "friend" | |
| 153284378 | Russo-Japanese War | began in 1904 when the Japanese saw Russia's interest in Manchuria's Port Arthur as a threat and pounced on Russia's fleet in response; first serious military setback to a European power by a non-European force | |
| 153284379 | Algeciras | in Spain, where Roosevelt mediated North African disputes in 1906 in an international conference; Roosevelt later received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 | |
| 153284380 | "yellow peril" | referred to the mass immigration in 1906 of the Japanese to the Pacific Coast, especially to California (San Francisco's schoolboard had a problem with this and declared that Japanese should attend a special school) | |
| 153284381 | Gentlemen's Agreement | Californians had to agree to this agreement to repeal the offensive school order against the Japanese; the Japanese agreed to stop the flow of laborers to the American mainland by withholding passports | |
| 153284382 | Great White Fleet | late in 1907, this fleet started from Virginia waters to travel around the whole world (mainly because Roosevelt wanted to impress the Japanese); this was Mahan's idea of Big Navy | |
| 153284383 | Root-Takahira agreement | this agreement in 1908 was reached in Japan with the US; pledged themselves to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China; a result of the Great White Fleet's trip to Japan | |
| 153284384 | progressivism | this movement arose from the ashes of the revolt of the debtor and from Populists and Greenbacks and even grew in big cities in the East; fought for change and betterment of society for all by waging war on many evils, notably monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice | |
| 153284385 | 16th Amendment | Congress was allowed to levy income tax | |
| 153284386 | 17th Amendment | direct election of Senate was allowed | |
| 153284387 | 18th Amendment | national prohibition of alcohol | |
| 153284388 | 19th Amendment | women's suffrage (1920) | |
| 153284389 | laissez-faire | "let-alone" policy which was criticized by progressive theorists that it was not reliable and that people, through government, must substitute master for drift | |
| 153284390 | (Henry Demarest) Lloyd | in 1894, he charged headlong into the Standard Oil Company with his book entitled "Wealth against Commonwealth" | |
| 153284391 | (Thorstein) Veblen | assailed the new rich with his prickly pen in "The Theory of the Leisure Class" (1899), a savage attack on "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption" | |
| 153284392 | (Jacob A.) Riis | a reporter for the NY "Sun" who shocked middle-class Americans in 1890 with "How the Other Half Lives," a damning indictment of the dirt, disease, vice, and misery of the NY slums | |
| 153284393 | (Theodore) Dreiser | novelist who used his blunt prose to batter promoters and profiteers in "The Financier" (1912) and "The Titan" (1914) | |
| 153284394 | "bloody capitalism" | phrase that the socialists decried while gaining appreciable strength at the ballot boxes | |
| 153284395 | "muckrakers" | term was coined by Roosevelt in 1906; largely influenced the progressive movement by publishing their information on how reforms needs to be made, etc.; Nast and his cartoons really started the influence | |
| 153284396 | (Lincoln) Steffens | in 1902 this NY reporter launched a series of articles in McClure's entitled "The Shame of the Cities," fearlessly unmasking the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government | |
| 153284397 | (Ida M.) Tarbell | a pioneering woman journalist who published a devastating but factual exposé of the Standard Oil Company; muckraking magazines, McClure's in this case, went to great pains to check their material, paying as much as $3000 to verify a single Tarbell article | |
| 153284398 | (Thomas W.) Lawson | speculator who had himself made $50 million on the stock market and laid bare the practices of his accomplices in "Frenzied Finance" in Everybody's | |
| 153284399 | (David G.) Phillips | his series in Cosmopolitan named "The Treason of the State" (1906) startled the nation; he boldly charged that 75/90 senators did not represent the people at all but the railroads and trusts | |
| 153284400 | (Ray Stannard) Baker | wrote "Following the Color Line" (1908) which highlighted that 90% of America's 9 million blacks still lived in the South and 1/3 were illiterate | |
| 153284401 | (John) Spargo | wrote "The Bitter Cry of the Children" (1906) to highlight the abuses of child labor | |
| 153284402 | (Dr. Harvey W.) Wiley | chief of chemist of the Department of Agriculture attacked the vendors of potent patent medicines that were actually heavily spiked with alcohol; with his famous "Poison Squad" performed experiments on himself | |
| 153284403 | "initiative" | voters themselves can propose laws (now, 40/50 states have this policy) | |
| 153284404 | "referendum" | people have the final say because laws can favor big businesses and corporations | |
| 153284405 | "recall" | can get elected officials out of office before their terms end (like people too loyal to party bosses) | |
| 153284406 | "Millionaires' Club" | referred to the Senate by 1900 for having too many rich men | |
| 153284407 | (Robert M. "Fighting Bob") La Follette | crusader and most militant of the progressive Republican leaders, also governor of Wisconsin in 1901; wrested control form the crooked corporations and returned it to the people; also perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities | |
| 153284408 | Hiram W. Johnson (need full name because a lot of Johnsons) | Republican progressive governor of CA who targeted the Southern Pacific Railroad | |
| 153284409 | (Charles Evans) Hughes | Republican progressive governor of New York who was also an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust | |
| 153284410 | Triangle Shirtwaist Company | a sweatshop in NY where 146 women workers were incinerated in a fire in 1911 | |
| 153284411 | Muller v. Oregon (1908) | attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers | |
| 153284412 | Lochner v. New York (1905) | Supreme Court invalidated a NY law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers | |
| 153295855 | "cemetery vote" | fraudulent way of voting under names of people already dead | |
| 153295856 | Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) | one of several militant organizations against liquor | |
| 153295857 | (Frances E.) Willard | one of the founders of WCTU who would fall on her knees in prayer on saloon floors; she found an ally in the Anti-Saloon League | |
| 153295858 | "dry" laws | passed by many counties and some states, these laws controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol | |
| 153295859 | Square Deal | Roosevelt's program which included the 3 Cs: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources | |
| 153295860 | (George F.) Baer | one of unsympathetic mine owners toward the coal mine strike in Pennsylvania, wrote that workers would be cared for "not by the labor agitators but by the Christian men..." | |
| 153295861 | Department of Commerce and Labor | created by Congress through Roosevelt's urge in 1903 to somewhat control the mounting antagonisms between capital and labor (10 years later, it split into 2) | |
| 153295862 | Bureau of Corporations | an important arm of the Department of Commerce and Labor; authorized to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce; highly useful in helping to break the stranglehold of monopoly and in clearing the road for the era of "trust-busting" | |
| 153295863 | Interstate Commerce Commission | created in 1887 as a feel sop to the public had proved inadequate | |
| 153295864 | Elkins Act of 1903 | curb was aimed primarily at the rebate evil; heavy fines could now be imposed both on the railroads that gave rebates and on the shippers that accepted them | |
| 153295865 | Hepburn Act of 1906 | free passes, with bribery, were severely restricted; for the first time, the Interstate Commerce Commission was given real molars when it was authorized, on complaint of shippers, to nullify existing rates and stipulate maximum rates | |
| 153295866 | Northern Securities Company | railroad holding company organized by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill who sought to achieve a virtual monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest; ordered by Supreme Court to be dissolved | |
| 153295867 | Tennessee Coal and Iron Company | J.P. Morgan's plan that U.S. Steel absorb this company without fear of antitrust reprisals | |
| 153295868 | Upton Sinclair | wrote "The Jungle" in 1906, describing the disgustingly unsanitary food products | |
| 153295869 | Meat Inspection Act of 1906 | decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can; some factories took advantage of this just to get their products patented | |
| 153295870 | Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals | |
| 153295871 | patent medicines | people thought they worked because they were patented; there was a bit of alcohol in these, and still today | |
| 153295872 | Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | created in 1906 to grant approval for new medicines before able to sell, even foreign medicines | |
| 153295873 | Desert Land Act of 1877 | federal govt sold arid land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser irrigate the thirsty soil within three years | |
| 153295874 | Forest Reserve Act of 1891 | authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves; some 46 million acres of trees were rescued and preserved for posterity | |
| 153295875 | Carey Act of 1894 | distributed federal land to states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled; led to the cultivation of about a million barren acres | |
| 153295876 | Gifford Pinchot | head of the federal Division of Forestry who, along with Roosevelt, believed that wilderness was waste and that they should use the nation's natural endowment intelligently | |
| 153295877 | Newlands Act of 1902 | Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the sun-baked western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects; settlers repaid the cost of reclamation from their now-productive soil, and the money was put into a revolving fund to finance more such enterprises | |
| 153295878 | Roosevelt Dam | constructed on Arizona's Salt River in 1911 | |
| 153295879 | Boy Scouts of America | composed of urban youngsters, it was the country's largest youth organization | |
| 153295880 | Sierra Club | founded in 1892, dedicated itself to preserving the wildness of the western landscape | |
| 153295881 | Hetch Hetchy Valley | in Yosemite National Park, a dam for municipal water supply built by San Francisco | |
| 153295882 | John Muir | famed naturalist, member of Sierra Club, who believed that Hetch Hetchy should be held inviolable by civilizing hand of humanity | |
| 153295883 | Yellowstone National Park | first park in late 1800s; after this, Roosevelt committed to making more national parks and forests | |
| 153295884 | multiple-use resource management | policy developed by professional foresters and engineers under Roosevelt to combine recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing on the same expanse of federal land | |
| 153295885 | "Roosevelt Panic" | panic descended on Wall Street in 1907 and featured frightened "runs" on banks, suicides, and criminal indictments against speculators; paved way for long-overdue fiscal reforms; hard-pressed banks were unable to increase the volume ofmoney in circulation | |
| 153295886 | Aldrich-Vreeland Act | passed in 1908 in response to the panic of 1907; authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral | |
| 153295887 | (William Howard) Taft | Secretary of War and mild progressive, was hand chosen by Roosevelt as successor to the presidency | |
| 153295888 | dollar diplomacy | on the foreign policy of the Taft administration; 1) using foreign policy to protect Wall Street dollars invested abroad; 2) using Wall Street dollars to uphold foreign policy | |
| 153295889 | Knox | Secretary of State under Taft; in 1909 proposed that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the Manchuria railroads and then turn over to China under a self-liquidating arrangement; brought Taft ridicule from Japan and Russia | |
| 153295890 | rule of reason | doctrine that held that only those combinations that "unreasonably" restrained trade were illegal; ripped a huge hold in the government's antitrust net | |
| 153295891 | Aldrich | reactionary Senator of Rhode Island who tacked on hundreds of upward tariff revisions so that only such items as hides, sea moss, and canary-bird seed were left on the duty-free list; later in 1908 recommended a gigantic bank with numerous branches - a third BUS | |
| 153295892 | Payne-Aldrich Bill | by signing this bill, Taft betrayed his campaign promises and outraged the progressives but he said "best bill that the Republican party ever passed" | |
| 153295893 | Bureau of Mines | set up by Taft, who was also dedicated to conservation, to control mineral resources; rescued millions of acres of western coal lands from exploitation and protected water-power sites from private development | |
| 153295894 | Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel | erupted in 1910; when Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development, Pinchot criticized him; Taft dismissed Pinchot on the grounds of insubordination | |
| 153295895 | ("Uncle Joe") Cannon | Speaker of the House of Representatives during Taft administration | |
| 153295896 | New Nationalism | Roosevelt's doctrine that urged national government to increase its power to remedy economic and social abuses | |
| 153295897 | (Victor L.) Berger | an Austrian-born socialist representative who was elected from Milwaukee in Congress | |
| 153295898 | National Progressive Republican League | formed in 1911, led by La Follette, its leading candidate for the Republican presidential nomination, assuming that Roosevelt would not run for 3rd-term | |
| 153295899 | consecutive elective terms | Roosevelt's rationalization for his accepting the Republican nomination | |
| 153306520 | New Freedom | strong progressive platform Democrats provided for Woodrow Wilson for the 1912 election; included calls for stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reductions | |
| 153306521 | Progressive Republican | GOP faction that TR ran for in the 1912 election | |
| 153306522 | (William Allen) White | Kansas journalist who, mocking the fervor generated by Roosevelt, said "Roosevelt bit me and I went mad." | |
| 153306523 | Bull-Moose campaign | symbolizes Roosevelt's third-party Progressive Republican campaign in the 1912 election; the Republican party was split, so Wilson won with a plurality | |
| 153306524 | (Herbert) Croly | in his 1910 book "The Promise of American Life," he favored continued consolidation of the trusts and labor unions, and the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington | |
| 153306525 | triple wall of privilege | As president, Wilson called for an all-out assault on the tariff, the banks, and the trusts | |
| 153306526 | Underwood Tariff | provided for a substantial reduction of rates and import fees; also a landmark in tax legislation; Congress enacted a graduated income tax, beginning with a modest levy on incomes over $3000 | |
| 153306527 | Civil War National Banking Act | the country's financial structure was still under this act, now revealing defects | |
| 153306528 | Arsene Pujo | congressman whose findings traced the tentacles of the "money monster" into the hidden vaults of American banking and business | |
| 153306529 | (Louis D.) Brandeis | President Wilson's confidant and progressive-minded Massachusetts attorney, he further fanned the flames of reform with his book "Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It" (1914); first Jew to be nominated for Supreme Court in 1916 during Wilson administration | |
| 153306530 | Federal Reserve Act | the most important piece of economic legislation between the Civil War and the New Deal; Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank; guaranteed a substantial measure of public control; also empowered to issue paper money - "Federal Reserve Notes" - backed by commercial paper, thus increasing the amount of money in circulation | |
| 153306531 | Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 | presidentially appointed commission searched industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meat packers; commissioners were expected to crush monopoly at the source by rooting out unfair trade practices including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery | |
| 153306532 | Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 | lengthened the Sherman Act's list of business practices that were deemed objectionable, including price discrimination and interlocking directorates; exempted labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution while explicitly legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing | |
| 153306533 | Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 | made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest | |
| 153306534 | Warehouse Act of 1916 | authorized loans on the security of staple crops | |
| 153306535 | Seamen's Act of 1915 | required decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships; unhappy result was the crippling of America's merchant marine, as shippers recoiled from the high-wage freight rates on American vessels | |
| 153306536 | Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916 | granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability | |
| 153306537 | Adamson Act of 1916 | established an 8-hr day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime | |
| 153306538 | Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912 | exempted American coastwise shipping from tolls and thereby provoked sharp protests from injured Britain | |
| 153306539 | Jones Act of 1916 | granted to the Philippines the boon of territorial status and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established (later, on July 4, 1946) | |
| 153306540 | Fortress Corregidor | in the Philippines where American gunners were put on around-the-clock alert after the Japanese became furious against American prohibition of immigrants | |
| 153306541 | Madero | revolutionary Mexican president elected in 1912 but assassinated | |
| 153306542 | Huerta | General who replaced Madera; Wilson refused to recognize that government of "that brute" | |
| 153306543 | Carranza and Villa | Wilson sided with these two against Huerta to teach him the right way | |
| 153306544 | Venustiano Carranza | when Huerta collapsed in July 1914 with the help of the US and the ABC powers, he took the presidency | |
| 153306545 | ("Pancho") Villa | became the new rival of Carranza; Wilson reluctantly supported him with arms and diplomatic recognition but when Villa killed 18 US citizens at Santa Ysabel, Mexico, outrage occurred in March 1816, when Villistas shot up Columbus, New Mexico, leaving behind 17 dead Americans | |
| 153306546 | (John J. "Black Jack") Pershing | veteran of the Cuban and Philippine campaigns; ordered to break up the bandit band; hastily organized fore of several thousand horse-borne troops penetrated deep into rugged Mexico and clashed with Carranza's forces and mauled the Villistas but missed capturing Villa himself | |
| 153306547 | Central Powers | Germany and Austria-Hungary (later Turkey and Bulgaria) | |
| 153306548 | Allied Powers | Great Britain (Ireland), France, and Russia (later Japan and Italy) | |
| 153306549 | Lusitania | a British passenger ship/liner that was torpedoed by a German U-boat, sank off the coast of Ireland; 128 Americans' lives were lost; was carrying 4200 cases of small-arms ammunition, Germany's justification for the sinking | |
| 153306550 | Arabic | another British liner that was sunk in August 1915, with the loss of 2 American lives | |
| 153306551 | Sussex | French passenger steamer that was torpedoed; Wilson's Sussex ultimatum informed the Germans that unless they renounced the inhuman practice of sinking merchant ships without warning, he would break diplomatic relations |
