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| written by Alexis de Tocqueville, who observed democracy in govt and society, book that discusses the advantages (noted the general equality of american society) of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power in 1830s America | ||
| Frenchman who visited America in the 1830s. His original reason was to observe American prisons for the French gov, ended up observing American democracy in action (wrote Democracy in America based on his observations) | ||
| Middle-class ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens, with women running the household and men earning money outside it. | ||
| prevailing view among middle and upper class white women during the nineteenth century in which women were supposed to embody perfect virtue in all senses | ||
| (about 1790s-1840s)a wave of religious enthusiasm, that stressed mercy, love and benevolence of God (rejected things such as predestination and infant damnation) and emphasized that all people could, through faith and effort, achieve salvation. Contributed to and was affected by social reform and the recasting of the family unit | ||
| the greatest of the revival preachers during the Second Great Awaking who led massive revivals in NYC, devised the "anxious bench" and other innovations | ||
| Campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by Christian ideals and endorsed my upper middle class in the 1820s. Ministers insisted people who experienced saving grace should provide moral guidance and charity to the less fortunate. | ||
| This was a point of view aimed at reforming society by first establishing and demonstrating its principles on a small scale. Supporters were motivated either by religious beliefs or secular ideologies (believed in communal living), but, while briefly popular, examples like the Socialist utopian experiment in New Harmony, Indiana and the Oneida Community in New York were ineffective and did not last. | ||
| a celibate and communistic Christian sect that followed Ann Lee (who believed she was the second coming of Jesus), they released pent up energy by dancing and singing | ||
| Worshiped by the Shakers as the female incarnation of Jesus | ||
| church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah (after suffering persecution and moving several times), religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking. Later became the Church of Latter-Day Saints | ||
| religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830, authorized polygamy, translated the Book of Mormon and was murdered by a mob | ||
| The leader of the Mormon church after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah | ||
| British utopian socialist, believed in political and economic equality, free love and "enlightened atheism." Created an ideal community in New Harmony | ||
| French utopian socialist, wanted society reorganized into cooperative units called phalanxes. Sexual and religious ideas were not involved. People worked at whatever they wished, for however long and were payed based on the repulsiveness of the task | ||
| reformer who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of the mentally ill, set up many hospitals and asylums | ||
| abstaining from excess (ex. alcohol) | ||
| The founding of this organization in 1826 signaled the start of a national crusade against drunkenness. Using a variety of techniques, the union set out to persuade people not to drink intoxicating beverages and was successful in sharply lowering per capita consumption of alcohol. It was an example of the spirit of reform that was so prevalent in the early 1800s. | ||
| 1840, a group of reformed alcoholics, who set out to reclaim alcoholics | ||
| passed in 1851 in Maine, was one of the first statutory implementations of the temperance movement, forbade the sale or manufacture of alcohol | ||
| the doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery; gained steam in the U.S. in 1830s-1840s | ||
| radical, white abolitionist leader who founded abolitionist newspaper, the Liberator; co-founded the New England Antislavery Society | ||
| antislavery newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison | ||
| white, preacher abolitionist who advocated for immediate emancipation gradually achieved. Used political means and wrote the pamphlet American Slavery as it is | ||
| A political party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's.The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade. | ||
| He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. | ||
| one of the most prominent black abolitionists, escaped from slavery and became a lecturer, and writer, published his own antislavery newspaper called The North Star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845. | ||
| Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina plantation. Both sisters became abolitionists, and converted to the Quaker faith. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it secretly, in, The Liberator. They were speakers at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities. | ||
| transcendentalist, feminist and social reformer who wrote on great social and intellect potential of women if released of conventional norms | ||
| feminist and member of the women's rights movement. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating for womens suffrage at the first Women's Rights Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. she helped write a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." | ||
| social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, temperance, abolition of slavery and womens suffrage. helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association | ||
| abolitionist and feminist who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848 (Seneca Falls Convention) | ||
| Took place in New York in 1848, called by Stanton, Mott and Anthony. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote. | ||
| a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization. Emphasized nature, the individual, the common man, mystery and imagination | ||
| any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material. Specifically, , a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience. | ||
| Transcendentalist essayist and lecturer. Emphasized self-reliance, optimism and no strong central gov. Against society's restrictions on the individual | ||
| American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in the book Walden (based on his two yr experiment of living by himself, to prove that a person need not depend on society). Against society's restrictions on the individual. He started the movement of civil-disobedience | ||
| Henry David Thoreau advocated this process of defying codes of conduct within a community or ignoring the policies and government of a state or nation when the civil laws are unjust, in his essay "Civil Disobedience." Based on his protest of the Mexican War, because it furthered slavery, when he refused to pay his taxes and was arrested | ||
| wrote poems and short stories. He was an alcoholic, obsessed with death, perfected the detective story and his stories are prime examples of romanticism (his works were full of mystery, the occult and fright) | ||
| Wrote The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables; his works are examples of romanticism and often have moral themes | ||
| Hawthorne's most famous novel, an example of romanticism that explores sin and society | ||
| writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby Dick. Too aware of the evil in the world to be a transcendentalist, and was virtually ignored following the publication of Moby Dick | ||
| an example of romanticism that explored good and evil, faith, pride and stubbornness. Considered one of the best American novels of all time | ||
| American poet whose great work, Leaves of Grass, written in unconventional meter and rhyme, used coarse language, celebrates the self, death as a process of life, universal brotherhood, common themes and the greatness of democracy and the United States. | ||
| written by Walt Whitman, poems were a celebration of democracy, liberation of the individual | ||
| a good, free school for all (no matter their economic or social status), with trained teachers | ||
| educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education, leader of the common school movement |
