For Ms. Greenblatt's Ch. 12-14 test on November 12, 2012.
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| 528923562 | Andrew Jackson | Believed that the J. Q. Adams administration was corrupt and aristocratic. Promising a more democratic political system he told voters that he inteded to purify and reform the Government. A slave owner, slavery defender, and condoner of abolitionist attacks, he disliked the natives and ordered the forcible reomval of the southeastern tribal nations to the west of the MS river. Earned the nickname "Old Hickory" and brought notoriety and an appointment as a major general for his victory over the Creek nation 1813-1814. His popularity increased following aggressive forays in Spanish FL. Vetoed 12 bills (especially the Maysville Road Bill to spite Henry Clay) and replaced the legislative branch with democrats. An opposer to the 2nd Bank of the US, he had Roger Taney weaken the bank by giving $10 mil to the state banks. | 0 | |
| 528923563 | Tariff of Abominations | Passed by Democrats in Congress, it arbitrarily raised rates to protect NE textiles, PA iron, and some agricultural goods. Triggered the SC Nullification Crisis of 1832 | 1 | |
| 528923564 | Force Bill | Andrew Jackson asked Congress for legislation to enforce tariff duties and new tariff revisions in 1833. Engineered by Clary and Supported by Calhoun, these revisions called for gradual reductions. SC quickly repealed its nullification of the tariff laws but nullified the Force Bill. | 2 | |
| 528923565 | Oregon Territory | Originally called the "Oregon Question", this territory began as a joint American-British holding. By 1843, settlers wrote a constitution and elected a legislature. After Polk wanted a boundary of 54°40', the British agreed to a compromise in June 1846. The 49th parallel would be recognized as the boundary of Oregon Territory as long as Vancouver Island remained British. | 3 | |
| 528923566 | James Buchanan | A Democrat who served as president from 1857-1861. He had been abroad for the previous 4 years and had avoided the controversy over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which destroyed the career of outgoing president James Pierce. He largely maintained the status quo, enforcing the fugitive slave act and opposing abolition movements. His attempt to maintain peace between the North and South proved futile; the South seceded three months before his term ended | 4 | |
| 528923567 | William Lloyd Garrison | (1805-1879) A white abolitionist who favored immediate liberation of all slaves. Using his newspaper The Liberator, he decried as immoral the moderate abolitionists who called for returning slaves to Africa. He was a powerful writer with a radical message, and his newspaper was banned by many Southern states. Nevertheless, his persistence won him a wide following among white abolitionists and free blacks. He also supported the women's suffrage movement. | 5 | |
| 528923568 | 2nd Great Awakening | This was a revival of evangelicalism that began in the 1790s in New York and quickly spread across the country. The movement was strongest in the South and West during this period, with numerous formal churches forming in places that previously had none. In the Northeast, this gave rise to a social reform movement, with many religious leaders advocating against drinking, poverty, and other social problems. | 6 | |
| 528923569 | Nativism | This term means hatred and fear of foreigners. It has a long history in American politics. Nearly all political parties have exploited it at one time or another for political advantage. The Know-Nothing party was founded on it; its members were united by their hatred for Irish, German, and Catholic immigrants. It tends to be stronger in times of economic depression | 7 | |
| 528923570 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Ended the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848, negotiated by Trist and signed on 2/2/1848. The Rio Grande became the boundary between Mexico and the U.S., and the Southwest and California passed into U.S. hands. The U.S. gained about 75,000 Spanish speakers, 150,000 Native Americans, and 529,017 square miles. Paid Mexico about $15 million, and agreed to honor American claims against Mexico, guaranteeing civil, political, and property rights to former Mexican citizens. | 8 | |
| 528923571 | Gwinn Land Law | Validated Mexican land, but you had to prove that you owned the land, also violated the Treaty of Guadalupe | 9 | |
| 528923572 | Cult of Domesticity | The prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes. Although all women were supposed to emulate this ideal of feminity, blacks, the working class, and immigrant women did not fit the definition of "true women" due to social prejudice. It identified the home as women's "proper sphere" and women were expected to fufill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and faithful wife, and a passive, delicate, and virtuous creature, along with being pious and religious while supporting their husbands. (wikipedia) | 10 | |
| 528923573 | Roger B. Taney | The Chief Justice who made the pro-slavery decision in the Dred Scott Case. He also was the attorney geneneral and secetary of the treasury under Jackson, and gave the $10mil in federal money to the state banks. | 11 | |
| 528923574 | Dred Scott | A slave brought by his master into the North, where slaves became free. He argued that because he was now in the North he should be free, initiating the Dred Scott Case. | 12 | |
| 528923575 | Spoils System | Refers to the practice of trading jobs for political favors. When Andrew Jackson was sworn in as president in 1828, he dismissed numerous officials and replaced them with his political supporters. Although past presidents had also committed this practice, Jackson was the first to face widespread public criticism for it | 13 | |
| 528923576 | Joseph Smith | Murdered in 1844, he claimed to be visited by the angel Moroni who led him to golden tablets buried near his home. From this, the Book of Mormon was created and then established the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter Day Saints (Mormons). He also petitioned Congress for spearate territorial status and ran for the presdiency in 1844. Also was Brigham Young's predecessor | 14 | |
| 528923577 | Homestead Act | (1862) This act granted citizens 160 acres of government land free, if they were over 21, as long as they lived on and improved the land, as well as paying a small registration fee. | 15 | |
| 528923578 | Declaration of Sentiments | Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott formed the Seneca Falls Convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. This document was modeled on the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed that both men and women were created equal. They expressed a remedy in 11 resolutions, all calling for equality. | 16 | |
| 528923579 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | Wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin", which depicted the harsh slave life on plantations. Lincoln blamed the author for causing the uproar that led to the Civil War | 17 | |
| 528923580 | James K. Polk | A Democrat who served as president from 1845 to 1849. He ran on an expansionist platform, and he successfully negotiated with Great Britain to secure U.S. control of the Pacific Northwest. Known as the "Manifest Destiny" president, he was a forceful advocate for war with Mexico over the Southwest Territory. During his presidency, the United States won the Mexican-American War, gaining control of Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, and Utah. | 18 | |
| 528923581 | John C. Calhoun | Jackson's VP from South arolina provided a theory to check federal power and to protect the rights of minoritys. In 1828, he annoymously published "Exposition and Protest", presenting nullification as a means by which southern states could prtect themselves from harmful national action. Supported the Force Bill of 1833 and an opposer to the Free-Soilers. He created the Address to the People of the Southern States" and threatened secession and called for a united stand against further attempts to interfere with the southern right to extend slavery. | 19 | |
| 528923582 | Transcendentalists | This group was one of the many reform groups that appeared. Largely influenced by Emerson, this group believed that intuitive truth transcended sense experience. Since they were inspired by self-reflection and reliance, Transcendentalists questioned many of societies hardest issues, confronting slavery, the increased pace of economic life, obsessive materialism, and the conforms of social life. | 20 | |
| 528923583 | American Party | The official name for the Know-Nothing party | 21 | |
| 528923584 | Removal Act of 1830 | Signed by Jackson in 1830. The government promised to protect and guarantee Native American's land in the west if they agreed to be removed from the southern U.S. | 22 | |
| 528923585 | Texas | The Lone Star Republic, was initially independent of the U.S., but was annexed in 1845 by President Tyler. It was a slave state and its addition to the Union would upset the balance so it was given the right to divide into 5 states. | 23 | |
| 528923586 | Nicholas Trist | Negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican War. | 24 | |
| 528923587 | Brook Farm | Established near Roxbury, MA, in 1841, it was one of several utopian religious communities founded to counter the growing commercialism of American society. This was home to the Transcendentalists, a group of writer and intellectuals that included Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau. | 25 | |
| 528923588 | Compromise of 1850 | This was ushered through Congress by Stephen Douglas and Henry Clay. It was meant to solve the dispute over whether California would be a free or slave-owning state. The ___ admitted California as a free state, enacted stronger fugitive slave laws, and created the new territories of Utah and New Mexico. These territories were tasked with deciding their own status (free or slave-holding) under a policy of popular sovereignty | 26 | |
| 528923589 | Gadsden Purchase | Negotiated by the U.S. ambassador to Mexico, James Gadsden in December of 1853. It was the reason for the U.S. building a transcontinental railroad along a deep southern route and resolved border issues left open by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. | 27 | |
| 528923590 | Fort Laramie Council | (1851) Arranged by the U.S. government, this council called together Native Americans from all across the West in order to negotiate movement. The Native Americans were given compensation for the destruction of their grass, timber, buffalo, as well as annual payments of goods and services. However, the Native Americans had to, in return, give up their rights of free movement. The U.S. government drew up tribal boundaries (which were later disregarded by many, especially the Sioux). this opened up the way for a larger influx of emigrants to the West, which would end up destroying the Native Americans way of life nonetheless. | 28 | |
| 528923591 | Worcester v. Georgia | Chief Justice Marshall ruled that Georgia's law held no force over the Cherokee and that Native Americans were "quasi nations" of the U.S. government with the right to govern themselves. | 29 | |
| 528923592 | Sarah Grimké | A women who struck back against female inferiority and servility jusitifcations by writing "Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes" in 1837. She stated that "whatever is right for man to do, is right for woman". This strong message was later translated into an active movement for women's rights. | 30 | |
| 528923593 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | Formulated by Stephen Douglas and passed by Congress. This opened up the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to slavery, thereby repealing the Missouri Compromise and inflaming Northerners. The act led to the dissolution of the Whig party, as disgusted anti-slavery Whigs joined with Northern Democrats to form the Republican party. | 31 | |
| 528923594 | Henry Clay | Wanted a national bank, tariff protectionism, internal improvements and other government action to increase economic development. Was a whig. | 32 | |
| 528923595 | Stephen Douglas | A democratic senator from Illinois, Douglas pushed the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress in 1854 to entice railroad developers to build a transcontinental railroad line in the North. The act opened Kansas and Nebraska territories to slavery and thus effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Douglas rejected pro slavery Lecompton Constitution in the Senate in 1857 after Border Ruffians had rigged the elections to draft a state constitution. A champion of popular sovereignty, he announced his Freeport Doctrine in response to the Dred Scott decision in the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858. Although he was the most popular Democrat, Southern party members refused to nominate him for presidency in 1860 because he rejected the Lecompton Constitution to make Kansas a slave state. As a result, the party split: Northern Democrats nominated Douglas, while Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge. In the election of 1860, Douglas toured the country in an effort to save the union. | 33 | |
| 528923596 | "54 degrees 40 minutes or Fight" | James K. Polk's presidency slogan in order to get the borders of Oregon Territory extended | 34 | |
| 528923597 | The Liberator | Penned by William Lloyd Garrison, it became the leading antislavery journal in the United States. | 35 | |
| 528923598 | Topeka | Where the Free-Soilders held their own convention against the Lecompton Constitution and created a second government. | 36 | |
| 528923599 | Lecompton | The city where the Lecompton Constitution was drawn up. This was the Constitution that Kansas tried to use to gain admittance to the union; however, it permitted slavery as well as no restrictions to the importation of slaves into it. Although welcomed by Buchanan, it was denied entrance into the union by Stephen Douglas and the Republican-dominated Congress. | 37 | |
| 528923600 | Know-Nothings | A nativist party that tried to exclude immigrants from the U.S. by increasing the naturalization age. | 38 | |
| 528923601 | William Walker | A man from Tennessee who invaded Mexican Baja California in 1853 with less than 300 men and delcared himself president of the Republic of Sonora. In 1855 he invaded Nicaragua and declared himself a dictator while legalizing slavery. He was shot and killed in 1860 during an attempt to capture Honduras | 39 | |
| 528923602 | Manifest Destiny | The principle that it was God's given right to discover and settle new land all over the entire continent, this led to the massive migration to the west and furthered the idea of white supremacy. | 40 | |
| 528923603 | Robert Owen | A Scottish cotton mill owner who created a model factory town in Scotland and later came to the US to set one up in Indiana. The 1820 book "The Book of the Moral World" inspired many cooperative efforts. | 41 | |
| 528923604 | John Brown | Led the Raid on Harper's Ferry in hopes of at least arming slaves with weapons and invoking an uprising, but was overcome by federal troops and was later hanged. Many northern abolitionists believed he died a martyr. | 42 | |
| 528923605 | John C. Breckinridge | The Southern Democrat who ran against the Republican Lincoln. In the election of 1860, he won mostly all of the states in the south. | 43 | |
| 528923606 | Popular Sovereignty | Local self government | 44 | |
| 528923607 | David Wilmot | Creater of the Wilmot Proviso. He had the intention to preserve lands for whites and blacks alike. | 45 | |
| 528923608 | Specie Circular | Gold or silver, instead of paper money, used to buy/sell government land | 46 | |
| 528923609 | Oneida | Founded by Noyes (along with 51 of his followers) in 1848, Oneida was a "perfectionist community" in Oneida, New York. Only spiritually advanced (mainly Noyes) males could father the children of the community. However, many unusual practices included communal child rearing, sexual equality in work, the removal of competition. Unlike other communities, Oneida focused on manufacturing, rather than agriculture. | 47 | |
| 528923610 | Constitutional Union Party | Made up of border-states and southern Whigs, claimed the middle ground and nominated John Bell for president in the election of 1860. | 48 | |
| 528923611 | Frederick Douglass | An escaped slave, he taught himself to read, ended up running for Vice-President, and even met a few Presidents, supporting Abolitionists and being a strong supporter and spokesperson. | 49 | |
| 528923612 | Brigham Young | Joseph Smith's Mormon sucessor who created the Mormon state of Deseret. He led an explorartory expedition West and reached Salt Lake in late July of 1847. | 50 | |
| 528923613 | Margaret Fuller | A Transcendentalist and friend of Emerson, Fuller questioned her place in society. She founded and edited "The Dial" and questioned the absence of women's voices in society, as well as advancing literature, prison reforms, and the moral quality of American life. | 51 | |
| 528923614 | Nicholas Biddle | Originally from Philadelphia, he ran the Second National Bank. | 52 | |
| 528923615 | Sojourner Truth | In 1851, in Akron, Ohio, she preached against slavery and for women's rights. She used many bible references and was a powerful speaker. | 53 | |
| 528923616 | Ostend Manifesto | Argued that Cuba belonged to U.S. (by support of many theories including one involving silt flowing down from the Mississippi and tried to pressure Spain into selling it. It was eventually put down by William Marcy (Pierce's Secretary of State). | 54 | |
| 528923617 | Theodore Dwight Weld | A Finney discipe who delievered a four hour temperance lecture in Rochester. | 55 | |
| 528923618 | Free Soil Party | This party thrived briefly in the mid-1800s and nominated former President Martin Van Buren as the party's candidate in the 1844 presidential election. People in this party were opposed to extending slavery into the territories annexed from Mexico. The party attracted antislavery Whigs as well as some Democrats and former members of the Liberty Party. | 56 | |
| 528923619 | Arthur and Lewis Tappan | Two brothers from New York who financed the Lane Seminary, a school to train abolitionist leaders. | 57 | |
| 528923620 | Anti-Masons | People against the Masons (a secret society who did "good works") | 58 | |
| 528923621 | Camp Meetings | meetings that were sparked by Lyman Beecher. They took on a new emphasis and location. | 59 | |
| 528923622 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | After being forced to sit behind curtains and forbidden to speak at the 1840 all male World Anti-Slavery Convention, she, along with another woman, drew up a list of women's grievances. She continued to meet in annual conventions as well as campaigning for equal political, legal, and property rights | 60 | |
| 528923623 | Lucretia Mott | Aided in writing the Declaration of Sentiments. | 61 | |
| 528923624 | Trail of Tears | Since the Cherokee were unable to preserve their lands from land-hungry whites, the Cherokee were forced to walk the "Trail of Tears" to Oklahoma in 1838. About 4,000 Cherokee died along the way, almost a fourth of the population. Many others were forced to walk this trail as well, like the Shawnee, Miami, and although they resisted heavily, the Seminole. | 62 | |
| 528923626 | Abby Kelly | A young Quaker teacher in MA who began to circle antislavery petitions in 1836. She was threatened by an angry mob in Philly because she delieved an abolitionist speech to antislavery women. Eventually, she observed that American women "have good cause to be grateful to the slave". | 63 | |
| 528923627 | John Humphrey Noyes | A man from Putney, NY who heard Finney preach. He believed that the final conversion led to perfection and complete release from sin. In 1848, he created the "perfectionist" community in Oneida, NY. Only certain spiritually advanced males (usually himself) could father children . Other practices included communal child rearing, sexual equality in work, the removal of competition from both work and play, and a program of "mutual" critisim at community meetings. He opted for modern manufacturing. Greatly admiring the Shakers, he also condemned sexuality and demanded absolute chastity so that only conversions could bring in new members. | 64 | |
| 528923628 | Mother Ann Lee | An Englishwomen who founded the Shakers, she and her followers believed that God had a dual personality, male and female, and that their leader was the female counterpart. The communities created were known for their cojmmunal ownership of property, equality of women and men, simplicity, and beautifully crafted furnature. | 65 | |
| 528923629 | Freeport Doctrine | Douglas' response stated that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery. Likewise, if the people of the territory supported slavery, legislation would provide for its continued existence (Wikipedia). | 66 | |
| 528923630 | "Bleeding Kansas" | The miniature civil war that occurred in Kansas territory. Main causes include: the Pottawatomie Massacre, where John Brown (along with some followers) went and slaughtered five proslavery followers. | 67 | |
| 528923631 | Fugitive Slave Act | (1850) Required that slaves runaway slaves be returned to their masters. | 68 | |
| 528923632 | Charles Finney | Shifted the revivalism movement to upstate New York and the Old Northwest to Rochester NY. Also lead the 2nd Great Awakening. He understood that the human 'agency' of the minister was crucial in causing a revival, while insisting that conversion and alvation were not the end of religious experience, but the beginning. While encouraging individual reformation, he enforced the commitment by converted Christians to seek social reform. | 69 | |
| 528923633 | Election of 1860 | Lincoln wins. His opponents included Douglas, Breckinridge, and Bell. The Lincoln-Douglas debates was a series of seven public debates in the state of Illinois, debating many various issues, slavery was constantly drawn into question. | 70 | |
| 528923634 | Changing American Political Party Systems | First Party System: 1790s-1820s - (Rep) Jefferson, Madison, Monroe; (Fed) Hamilton, Adams. Transition: 1824 and 1828 - (Dem-Rep) Jackson; (Nat'l Rep) J. Q. Adams. Second Party System: 1830s-1850s - (Dem) Jackson, Van Buren, Calhoun, Polk; (Whig) Clay, Webster, W.H. Harrison. Third Party System: 1856-1890s - (Dem) Douglas, Pierce, Buchanan; (Rep) Lincoln, Seward, Grant | 71 | |
| 528923635 | Millerites | A group of followers who followed William Miller, the man responsible for incorrectly predicting the day of judgement to be March 1843. This later created a sect called the Seventh Day Adventists. | 72 | |
| 528923636 | Abolition & Abolitionists | In pre-civil war America, those who opposed slavery were known as this. The Quakers and other evangelical groups were the first to vocally oppose slavery. This grew in popularity with the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin and the advocacy of activists like Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. | 73 | |
| 528923637 | Westward Migration | Sparked by Manifest Destiny, migrators began to move to the west as well as the east. Thousands sought gold but others hoped to suceed in more lucrative professions. The migration was brought on by new land acquistions from the Gadsden Purchase, Annexation of Texas, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. | 74 | |
| 528923638 | John Slidell | Polk's agent, sent to Mexico City with instructions to secure the Rio Grande border for the U.S. However, the Mexican government refused to even acknowledge Slidell. | 75 | |
| 528923639 | John Bell | The Constitutional Union Party candidate for president, Bell ran against Lincoln, Douglas, and Breckinridge in the election of 1860. Bell campaigned for compromise, union, and slavery. He received wide support in the border states region but carried only Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. | 76 | |
| 528923640 | Seneca Falls Convention | Took place in upper state New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote. | 77 | |
| 528923641 | Dorothea Dix | A New Englander who observed that the MA legislature imprisoned insane people and called for reforms in asylums. Not only did she believe that poor institutions corrupt good human beings, she founded institutions for the care and education of the blind and deaf. | 78 | |
| 528923642 | "Gag Rule" | (1836) Passed to keep Abolitionist petitions out of Congress | 79 | |
| 528923643 | Personal Liberty Laws | The _____ were passed by many Northern states angry over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which opened those two territories to slavery. The _____ were designed to weaken fugitive slave laws; they guaranteed all escaped slaves a jury trial and a lawyer. Needless to say, Southerners were furious, and antagonism between pro- and anti-slavery forces grew stronger | 80 | |
| 528923644 | Plains Tribes | Several Indians tribes comprising of (to name a few) Comanche, Omaha, Apache, Pawnee, and many more. They had adopted a nomadic way of life following the introduction of Spanish horses. Mobility also increased tribal contact and conflict, and war became a central idea. Many felt that it was braver to touch an enemy than to kill or scalp them. This pattern of conflicrt discourged political unity, but their contact with white society brought them gains through trrade in skins, but also introduced alcohol and epidemics of smallpox and scarlet fever. The Sioux tribe petitioned in 1846 to Polk by saying the cause of the dissappearimg buffalo was from white people hunting in their land. They requested compensation of white damages, but when the president denied the request, they attempted to extract taxes from those passing over their land. | 81 | |
| 528923645 | Daniel Webster | A leader of the Whig party in the Second Party System. He supported the Fugtive Slave Act. | 82 | |
| 528923646 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th president of the US and elected in 1860, he was a Republican running against Stephen Douglass of the Northern Democrats, John Beckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bell of the Constitutional Union. He hated slavery and was a more moderate Republican He did not want the issue of slavery to extend into the territories. Though he believed in white supremacy and specific equal rights to not be granted to blacks, he believed that blacks were entitled to all the natural rights in the Declaration of Independence as well as many economic rights as well. | 83 | |
| 528923647 | Cherokee Indians | Considred one out of five "civilized nations", their land holdings of more than 50 million acres in 1802 dimished to 9 milion by 1822. Along with the Creek and Chickasway trives, they restricted land sales to government agents in 1825. The GA legislature in 1829 declared that the tribal council was illegal and claimed jurisdiction over both the tribe and its lands. They were forbidden to bring suits or testify against whites in GA courts. In two landmark cases against Georgia and Worcester v Georgia, Chief Justice Marshall held that the GA law was repugnant to the Constitution with no force over this tribe, and that by inviolable treaty rights Native Americans were considered domestic dependent nations" | 84 | |
| 528923648 | Dred Scott Case | An 1857 Supreme Court ruling that provided a legal affirmation of slavery. Scott was a former slave whose master had taken him to free territories. Scott then sued for his freedom, eventually losing in the Supreme Court. Chief Justice Roger Taney's decision declared that slaves were property. not citizens. It also nullified the Missouri Compromise by declaring that Congress could not regulate slavery in the territories | 85 | |
| 528923649 | North Star | A journal started by Frederick Douglass in 1847. He expressed his appreciation for the help of that "noble band of white laborers" but declared that it was time for those who "suffered the wrong" to lead the way in advocating liberty. | 86 | |
| 528923650 | Temperance | There were societies for this issue. They were organized groups, generally led by women, that encouraged people not to drink and often advocated for outright prohibition of alcohol. | 87 | |
| 528923651 | The Women's Movement | Several women called for equality, and was further fueled by the Declaration of Sentiments. | 88 | |
| 528923652 | Life on the Frontier | Farming became an integral part as well as mining. Before permanent schools or churches existed, men resumed familiar political rituals of elctioneering, voting, and talking politics. As rural communities grew, settlers began to replicate the organizations they had knwn at home. Newspapers, journals, and books reinforced familiar norms and determination. As more settlers arrived, support for educational, religious, and cultural institutions that defined acceptable behavior and enforced convetional standards grew. | 89 | |
| 528923653 | Mexican Americans | People who were acquired due to American acquisitions of Mexican land such as Texas and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Through the aforementioned treaty, they were guaranteed the civil, political, and property rights of former citizens. | 90 | |
| 528923654 | Missouri Compromise | Negotiated by Henry Clay in 1820. At the time, the Union was split evenly between slave states and free states. Missouri's application for statehood threatened to make slave-owning states the majority in the Senate. The ____ admitted Missouri as a slave state while creating the new free state of Maine out of part of Massachusetts. It also prohibited slavery above the 36°30′ parallel (with Missouri as the exception) | 91 | |
| 528923655 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, this novel helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War by depicting the seriousness and brutality of slavery. The book depicted plantation life in a highly unfavorable light; it sold more than a million copies and fueled abolitionist sentiments across the country | 92 | |
| 528923656 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | Considered a leading intellectual of his time, Emerson was a writer and also helped influence the growing Transcendentalists movement. He cast off European tradition, and urged Americans to look inward or to nature for self-knowledge. | 93 | |
| 528923657 | Henry David Thoreau | A Transcendalist thinker, he is a popular writer in the transcendalist era as was a deep thinker about the virtuous natural life. Following his departure from Walden, NH, he protested against slavery and the Mexican War by refusing to pay his taxes. During his brief stint in jail he wrote an essay called "Civil Disobedience" in 1849, followed by a book "Walden" in 1854. | 94 | |
| 528923658 | Mormon Experience | Offically called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Joseph Smith created this experience with a utopian society in mind. First migrating to OH, then to MO, they went back it IL. Once Brigham Young took over, they were focused in the Great Basin area near Salt Lake City and renamed the state of Deseret. There was no seperation of church and state. They also concentrated on converting, rather than killing, Native Americans. Smith and other church leaders also practiced polygamy. | 95 | |
| 528923659 | Raid on Harper's Ferry | Led by John Brown, he led a raid in 1859 in a hope to provoke a general uprising of slaves throughout the Upper South, but federal troops overcame him, killing half his men. Brown was later captured, tried, and hanged, but was considered a martyr by many abolitionists. | 96 | |
| 528923660 | The Agricultural Frontier | Pioneer farmers pulled out native plants and established familiar crops while felling timber. Seed brought from home also introduced flourishing weeds such as Canadian thistle that graduall displaced native grass and rendered the land useless for grazing. | 97 | |
| 528923661 | The Mining Frontier | The discovery of gold in California in 1848 brought many new hopeful immigrants to the area. Within a year, its population ballooned and made CA eligible for statehood. Racial antgonism between American miners and foreigners was not rare and often led to ugly riots and lynching. Men tried to get rich and those who were married were hestiant to bring their families to the camps due to the raucious character of the communities. | 98 | |
| 529118589 | Oregon Land Policy | This act awarded single men 320 acres of land and 640 acres for married men, as long as they occupied their claim for four years and made improvements | 99 | |
| 529118590 | Adams-Onis Treaty | (1819) In return for Florida, the U.S. conceded Texas to Spain. | 100 | |
| 529163014 | Zachary Taylor | A hero of the Mexican War, Taylor became the second and last Whig president in 1848. He campaigned without a solid platform to avoid controversy over the westward expansion of slavery in the Mexican Cession. He died after only two years in office and was replaced by Millard Fillmore. | 101 | |
| 532393572 | Wilmot Proviso | (1824) Put forth by Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot, who proposed that Congress grant President Polk the $2 million he had requested to buy Mexican territory and bring the war with Mexico to a close. In return, Congress would require any land gained from Mexico to be slavery-free. The _____ was passed by the House twice, but it was defeated by Southerners in the Senate. | 102 | |
| 532547507 | Mexican-American War | (1846-1848) Began after President Polk attempted to buy the Southwest Territory from Mexico. When the Mexican government refused, Polk provoked the country until it attacked American troops. Whigs and abolitionists opposed the conflict, with the latter fearing that new states would allow slavery. The war ended when the United States invaded Mexico City and Mexico ceded control of much of the modern Southwest in exchange for $15 million | 103 |
