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| 544932611 | Romanticism | idea that individuals should strive to give full expression to the inner spirit, should work to unleash their innate capacity to experience joy and do good *contrasted original idea to traditional Protestant assumptions of original sin | |
| 544932612 | James Fenimore Cooper | American novelist, wrote thirty novels in three decades, master of adventure and suspense, wrote the "Leatherstocking Tales" *first great American novelist | |
| 544932613 | Walt Whitman | self-proclaimed poet of the American democracy, his poems were an "unrestrained celebration of democracy, of the liberation of the individual, and of the pleasures of the flesh as well as of the spirit," published Leaves of Grass in 1855 * liberated verse from traditional, restrictive conventions and helped express the soaring spirit of individualism | |
| 544932614 | Herman Melville | Writer during a time when the literary concern was unleashing the human emotions *the greatest American novelist of his era, wrote Moby Dick reflecting his idea that the human spirit was a troubled, often self-destructive force | |
| 544932615 | Edgar Allen Poe | southern writer of the time to embrace the search for the essence of the human spirit, wrote mostly sad short stories and poems * evoked images of individuals rising above the narrow confines of intellect and exploring the deeper world of emotions, had an effect on European poets such as Baudelaire | |
| 544932616 | Transcendentalists | group of New England writers and philosophers, embraced the theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between reason and understanding * believed every persons goal should be liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reason | |
| 544932617 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | leader of one of the first groups of transcendentalists, nationalist * philosopher with many well known essays and lectures about the quest for self-fulfillment and self-reliance | |
| 544932618 | Henry David Thoreau | went even further than Emerson in repudiating the repressive forces of society which produced "lives of quiet desperation," wrote Walden* said individuals should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society's expectations and responding instead to their own instincts | |
| 544932619 | Utopian societies | a social organization in which every member would have a full opportunity for self-realization, all residents share the labor and leisure of the community equally * people became disenchanted when individualism became a form of socialism including Nathaniel Hawthorne, who wrote a series of notable novels about his discontent with the Brook Farm | |
| 544932620 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | one of the original residents of the Brook Farm * expressed his discontent with the experiment and transcendentalism in a series of notable novels, also wrote other novels such as The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables | |
| 544932621 | Margaret Fuller | leading transcendentalist, close associate of Emerson, suggested the most important relationship between the discovery of the "self" was the question of gender roles * one of the most responsible for drawing the issue of gender into the larger discussion of the individual liberation | |
| 544932622 | Shakers | a utopian colony that redefined traditional sexuality and gender roles central to their society, committed to celibacy * embraced sexual equality, were trying to create a society separated and protected from the chaos and disorder they believed had come to characterize American life as a whole, less interested in personal freedom than in social discipline | |
| 544932623 | Mormons | members of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, reflect a belief of human perfectibility, did not embrace the doctrine of individual liberty, created a highly organized, centrally directed social structure and refuge against disorder *established Salt Lake City | |
| 544932624 | Protestant Revivalism | Changes in protestant esp. Presbyterian beliefs, began with the Second Great Awakening, became a powerful force for social reform *more people began to believe that every individual was capable of salvation, a revival of faith need not depend on a miracle from God; it could be created by individual effort | |
| 544932625 | Charles Grandison Finney | an evangelistic Presbyterian minister *the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s, said predestination and individual human helplessness were obsolete and destructive, each person had the ability in and of themselves to experience spiritual rebirth and achieve salvation | |
| 544932626 | Temperance Crusade | the movement against drunkenness *abstinence reformers were attempting to promote the moral and self-improvement of individuals and impose discipline on society | |
| 544932627 | Phrenology | widespread type of "science" arguing that she shape of an individual's skull was an important indicator of his or her character and intelligence *for a time, seemed an important vehicle for improving society , provided a way of measuring an individual's fitness for various positions in life | |
| 544932628 | Contagion Theory | the idea that a disease can be transmitted from one person to another, met with a storm of criticism *infections virtually disappeared | |
| 544932629 | Horace Mann | the greatest of the educational reformers, saw education as the only way to protect democracy *reorganized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year, and doubled teachers' salaries, enriched the curriculum, introduced new methods of professional training for teachers | |
| 544932630 | Public Education | tax supported schools *helped many people get an education, but also excluded many groups | |
| 544932631 | Benevolent Empire | Movements of social reform that focused on the development of public schools, teachers, treatment of the mentally ill, limits on the sale of alcohol, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton's Convention in Seneca Falls to address women's rights. | |
| 544932632 | asylum movement | Efforts to propose government legislation to improve treatment of the insane with larger institutions and proper environmental and educational conditions. | |
| 544932633 | Indian reservations | Indians were sent to reservations to "protect their culture". In reality, these reservations just pulled Indians off of lands the whites wanted and kept them separate from American society. | |
| 544932634 | feminism | Sarah and Angelna Grimke, sisters born in South Carolina who had become active and outspoken abolitionists, ignored attacks by men who claimed that their activities were CREATED EQUAL. | |
| 544932635 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | She was angered at the rejection and she was the one of delegates and became convinced that their first duty as reformers should now be to elevate the status of women. | |
| 544932636 | Lucretia Mott | Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. | |
| 544932637 | Susan B. Anthony | An early leader of the women's right to vote movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stnaton in 1869. | |
| 544932638 | Seneca Falls Convention | Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, asserted women should have the right to vote. | |
| 544932639 | Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions | Document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men, delegates to the first women's rights convention, in Seneca Falls, New York, written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The Declaration followed the form of the United States Declaration of Independence. According to many who attended the convention and support of the Declaration helped pass the resolutions put forward, the document was the grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women. | |
| 544932640 | Quakers | They had embraced the ideal of sexual equality. Not all of them advocated full sexual equality in American society, but enough women did to cause a separation during the annual meeting of the Society of Friends in 1848 in Genesee, New York. they had been among the leaders of antislavery movements, and Quaker women played a leading role within those efforts. | |
| 544932641 | abolitionism | The drive to end slavery in the United States during the antebellum years was known by this term. The movement included dedicated people like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass. Some paid a price for their outspokenness. In 1837, for example, Elijah P. Lovejoy, editor of antislavery journal, was killed by a proslavery mob in Alton, Illinois. | |
| 544932642 | American Colonization Society | Abolitionist organization founded in 1817 with the purpose of transporting blacks back to Africa, forming the Republic of Liberia in 1822. | |
| 544932643 | William Lloyd Garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. | |
| 544932644 | American Antislavery Society | Founded by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves. | |
| 544932645 | Frederick Douglass | the greatest African-American abolitionist, and an incredibly good orator. A freed slave, he escaped to Mass. in 1838, and spent two years lecturing in England. Writes an autobiography, and with the proceeds, purchases his freedom from his Maryland owner, and starts a abolitionist newspaper, North Star, in Rochester NY. | |
| 544932646 | Wolrdwide antislavery movement | Frederick Douglass became a major figure in the international antislavery movement and was a popular speaker in England and Europe in the 1840s and 50s. | |
| 544932647 | Anti-abolitionist violence | Due to the spread of the abolitionist movement, violence arose from those in favor of slavery in the 1830s. (ex, a mob in Philly attacked the abolitionist headquarters, the "Temple of Liberty," in 1834, burned it to the ground, and began a bloody race riot. | |
| 544932648 | Amistad case | Spanish slave ship taken over by rebellion off Cuba. Ship intercepted by U.S. Navy off New York. Status of slaves becomes Supreme Court case. | |
| 544932649 | "Free Soil" movement | Supported by Northern Democrats and Whigs who opposed slavery in the west because it created competition for white workers. Did not want to end slavery outright and met with opposition in the South | |
| 544932650 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict |
