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| 1103157118 | Fort Sumter (1861) | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War | |
| 1103157119 | Richmond, VA | Capital of the Confederacy | |
| 1103157120 | Montgomery, AL | Site where 7 seceding states united to declare their independence from the US | |
| 1103157121 | Border States | States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede. | |
| 1103157122 | Five Civilized Tribes | Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion | |
| 1103157123 | Billy Yank/Johnny Reb | "Brothers war". Billy Yank (the ordinary union soldier) and Johnny Reb (the typical confederate). both armies reflected the societies from which they came. One aspect of soldiering they shared was the dull routine of camp life. | |
| 1103157124 | Robert E. Lee | A General for the confederates, fought many battles. One of his main plans towards the end of the civil war was to wait for a new president to come into office to make peace with. Fought Peninsular Campaign, 2nd battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (with Jackson), and Gettysburg. | |
| 1103157125 | Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson | American Confederate general, he led the Shenandoah Valley campaign and fought with Lee in the Seven Days Battle. | |
| 1103157126 | King Cotton Diplomacy | the South's political strategy during the Civil War; it depended upon British and French dependency on southern cotton to the extent that those two countries would help the South break the blockade | |
| 1103157127 | "King Wheat & King Corn" | the effective northern effort to strangle the southern economy and de-throne "king cotton" | |
| 1103157128 | Trent Affair (1861) | In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release | |
| 1103157129 | CSS Alabama (1862) | British warship used to aid the Confederates by looting and sinking many Union vessels; never sailed into a Confederate base, thus using a loophole to help the South | |
| 1103157130 | Archduke Maximilian | Austrian appointed by Napoleon III to rule Mexico. Eventually captured and executed by Juarez's supporters. | |
| 1103157131 | William Seward | Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price. | |
| 1103157132 | Habeas Corpus | An order to produce an arrested person before a judge. | |
| 1103157133 | Conscription | Military draft | |
| 1103157134 | New York City Draft Riots (1863) | Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. | |
| 1103157135 | Morrill Tariff Act | This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. | |
| 1103157136 | National Banking Act (1863) | Launched to stimulate the sale of government bonds and establish a standard banknote currency ("greenbacks") during the Civil War. | |
| 1103157137 | Homestead Act (1862) | Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration. | |
| 1103157138 | Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell | America's first female physician. She helped organize the U.S. Sanitary commission to assist the Union armies in the field. | |
| 1103157139 | U.S Sanitary Commission | established in 1861, helped professionalize nursing and gave many the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years. | |
| 1103157140 | Clara Barton | Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field. | |
| 1103157141 | Ninety Day War | Lincoln, when he called the militiamen, thought they would only serve for 90 days, no purpose to interfere with slavery in the states, wanted to return rebellious states to the union, quick victory | |
| 1103157142 | First Battle of Bull Run (1861) | First "real" battle of the Civil War, it was expected by Union officials to be short but ended up a Confederate victory | |
| 1103157143 | George McClellan | A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice. | |
| 1103157144 | Army of the Potomac | It was the major Union army in the eastern front. It fought many battles and ultimately won the war. | |
| 1103157145 | Anaconda Plan | Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south | |
| 1103157146 | Monitor vs. Merrimack | to fight the blockade by the Union the Confederates reconstructed the Merrimack and destroyed Union ships in the Chesapeake Bay. The Union sent in the Monitor to fight back neither side could claim a victory. | |
| 1103157147 | Second Battle of Bull Run (1862) | a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia | |
| 1103157148 | Battle of Antietam | Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties | |
| 1103157149 | Emancipation Proclamation (1862) | an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863 | |
| 1103157150 | Butternuts | Nickname for poor southern farmers who moved into the Old Northwest in the 1820's. Tried to enact black codes to prevent African American settlers, while escaping the slave owner society of the south. | |
| 1103157151 | 54th Massachusetts Regiment Contraband | First African American Regimen, successfully defended Fort Wagner | |
| 1103157152 | Battle of Gettysburg (1863) | Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North. | |
| 1103157153 | Pickett's Charge | 3rd day of Gettysburg, Lee asked Pickett to lead troops on a mile and a half run where they were then slaughtered by the union army | |
| 1103157154 | Gettysburg Address (1863) | A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg | |
| 1103157155 | Ulysses S. Grant | an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. | |
| 1103157156 | Battle of Vicksburg (1863) | Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins. | |
| 1103157157 | William T. Sherman | an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy and criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States | |
| 1103157158 | March to the Sea (1864) | Sherman's march to Savannah which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea. | |
| 1103157159 | Total War | A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields. | |
| 1103157160 | Election of 1864 | Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins | |
| 1103157161 | Peace Democrats/Copperheads | They were party loyalists, and they withheld their support of Lincoln but did not take any radical action against him. The copperheads, however, openly demonstrated their disdain for him with physical and political attacks against him, the draft, and emancipation. They opposed the war and called for reuniting the states through negotiation rather than force. | |
| 1103157162 | War Democrats | Sub-division of the fractured democratic party. Consisting of a large portion, the war democrats patriotically supported the Lincoln administration. These democrats did not pose as big a threat to the Union as the Peace Democrats or copperheads. | |
| 1103157163 | Union Party (1864) | A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats. | |
| 1103157164 | Hampton Roads Conference (1865) | In 1865, Jefferson Davis sent VP Stephens to a conference with President Lincoln to possibly negotiate a peace. Davis demanded southern independence while Lincoln would only take a full surrender, thus nothing was achieved. SIGNIFICANCE: shows how difficult it was to achieve any compromise during the war | |
| 1103157165 | Appomattox Courthouse (1865) | the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War | |
| 1103157166 | John Wilkes Booth | an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. | |
| 1103157167 | "Lost Cause" | The phrase many white Southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause but only a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication | |
| 1103157168 | Emancipation Day Celebrations | Generally celebrated on January 1st; Daylong festivities featuring parades, music, speech-making (advocated for rights/black pride) | |
| 1103157169 | "Exodusters" | African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas. | |
| 1103157170 | A.M.E Church | Richard Alllen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816 as first independent black run Protestant church in US. AME Church was active in the promotion of abolition and the founding of educational institution for free blacks, church started by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, an African American church | |
| 1103157171 | Freedmen's Bureau (1865) | Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs | |
| 1103157172 | Andrew Johnson | 17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. | |
| 1103157173 | Presidential Reconstruction | was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S. | |
| 1103157174 | 10-percent (1863) | Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States | |
| 1103157175 | Wade-Davis Bill | 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. | |
| 1103157176 | Pocket Veto | A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it. | |
| 1103157177 | 13th Amendment | 1865. Amendement abolishing and continually prohibiting slavery. With limited exception, such as those guilty of comitting a crime, it also prevents indentured servitude. | |
| 1103157178 | Black Codes | Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War. | |
| 1103157179 | Sharecroppers | people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop. | |
| 1103157180 | Congressional Reconstruction | A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights. | |
| 1103157181 | Civil Rights Act of 1866 | 1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal | |
| 1103157182 | 14th Amendment | 1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts | |
| 1103157183 | Charles Sumner | A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote | |
| 1103157184 | Thaddeus Stevens | A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress. | |
| 1103157185 | Reconstruction Act (1867) | Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district. | |
| 1103157186 | 15th Amendment | Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude | |
| 1103157187 | Ex Parte Milligan (1866) | Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional because civilian courts were still operating, and the Constitution of the United States (according to the Court) only provided for suspension of habeas corpus if these courts are actually forced closed. In essence, the court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were open, even during wartime. | |
| 1103157188 | Redeemers | Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans. | |
| 1103157189 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." | |
| 1103157190 | Susan B. Anthony | (1820-1906) An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869. | |
| 1103157191 | Black Reconstruction | Blacks could vote and had rights, but black codes kept them virtually enslaved. They did get more political power, however. | |
| 1103157192 | Scalawags | A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners | |
| 1103157193 | Carpetbaggers | A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states; | |
| 1103157194 | New South | After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role. | |
| 1103157195 | Ku Klux Klan | A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights | |
| 1103157196 | Force Acts | A series of laws designed to protect black suffrage by authorizing the use of the army against the Ku Klux Klan | |
| 1103157197 | Literacy Tests | Method used to deny African-Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write - they were done very unfairly so even though most African-Americans could read and write by the 1950's they still failed. | |
| 1103157198 | Tenure of Office Act (1867) | In 1867 this Act was passed which limited the President's power by prohibiting the President from removing civil officers w/o Senate consent. Goal was to bar Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton. | |
| 1103157199 | Johnson's Impeachment (1868) | Certain the tenure act was unconstitutional he fired the secretary of was Stanton. house brought eleven charges of impeachment, nine were based on violation of the tenure act | |
| 1103157200 | "Seward's Folly" (1867) | U.S Secretary of state Henry William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia. He purchased Alaska in 1867 for $7.2 million dollars. Then later they discovered there was a large amount of gold located in Alaska. It was the biggest bargain since the Louisiana Purchase. |
