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| 1938046081 | Fort Sumter | Significant fort in the South; Charleston harbor; less than 100 men. | 0 | |
| 1938046082 | Border States | Only slave states left in early 1860s; Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and later West Virginia. | 1 | |
| 1938046083 | When the war broke out, the _____ seemed to have great advantages. | South. | 2 | |
| 1938046084 | The Trent Affair | First major crisis with Britain in late 1861; a Union warship cruising on the seas north of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer "Trent", and forcibly removed 2 Confederate diplomats bound for England; Brits were outraged. | 3 | |
| 1938046085 | "White Elephants" | The name that Lincoln gave to the Trent prisoners | 4 | |
| 1938046086 | The Alabama | Major crisis in Anglo-American relations arose over un-neutral building in Britain of Confederate commerce-raiders, notably the Alabama. These weren't warships because they left their shipyards unarmed and picked up their guns elsewhere. The Alabama escaped in 1862 to Portuguese Azores and took weapons and a crew from 2 British ships that followed. It flew the Confederate flag and was officered by Confederates, but was manned by Brits and never entered a Confederate port; so, Britain was the chief naval base of the Confederacy. | 5 | |
| 1938046087 | Laird Rams | Two Confederate warships being constructed in the shipyard of John Laird and Sons in Great Britain. They were designed to destroy the Union's wooden ships with their iron rams and large-caliber guns. They were much more dangerous than the swift, but lightly armed, Alabama. | 6 | |
| 1938046088 | Dominion of Canada | Established by Parliament in 1867. It was partly designed to bolster the Canadiens, politically and spiritually, against the US. | 7 | |
| 1938046089 | Writ of Habeas Corpus | Suspended by Lincoln so that anti-Unionists might be summarily arrested. Petitions requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. It also protects individuals from arbitrary state action. | 8 | |
| 1938046090 | New York Draft Riots | 1863 uprising of mostly working-class Irish-Americans in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly angered by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions. | 9 | |
| 1938046091 | Morrill Tariff Act | Passed by Congress in early 1861 after enough anti-protection Southerners had seceded. It suspended the low Tariff of 1857 and increased the existing duties from 5% to 10%. | 10 | |
| 1938046092 | Greenbacks | Paper currency issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War. Inadequately supported by gold, Greenbacks fluctuated in value throughout the war, reaching a low of 39 cents on the dollar. | 11 | |
| 1938046093 | National Banking System | Authorized by Congress in 1863. It was launched partially as a stimulant to the sale of government bonds, and also to establish a standard bank-note currency. Banks that joined could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by them. | 12 | |
| 1938046094 | Homestead Act | 1862, a federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it (by possibly building a house on it). It helped make land accessible to those moving westward. Many were disappointed when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing the best land. | 13 | |
| 1938046095 | US Sanitary Commission | 1861, founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. | 14 | |
| 1938046096 | Charles Francis Adams | US diplomat who helped keep Britain neutral during the war. | 15 | |
| 1938046097 | Napoleon III | President of the second republic of France, led France through two decades of stable, authoritarian government. | 16 | |
| 1938046098 | Maximilian | Only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire. | 17 | |
| 1938046099 | Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederacy during the Civil War. | 18 | |
| 1938046100 | Elizabeth Blackwell | First woman to receive a medical degree in the US, helped to found the US Sanitary Commission. | 19 | |
| 1938046101 | Clara Barton | Nurse who founded the Red Cross. | 20 | |
| 1938046102 | Sally Tompkins | Most likely the only woman commissioned for the Confederacy. | 21 | |
| 1938046103 | Battle of Bull Run | First major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South. It dispelled Northern illusions of swift victory. | 22 | |
| 1938046104 | Peninsula Campaign | Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate capital. | 23 | |
| 1938046105 | Merrimack and Monitor | Confederate and Union ironclads whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. | 24 | |
| 1938046106 | Second Battle of Bull Run | Civil War Battle that ended in a decisive victory for the Confederate General Robert E. Lee, who was emboldened to push further into the North. | 25 | |
| 1938046107 | Battle of Antietam | Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union Army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the "victory" he needed for the Emancipation Proclamation. | 26 | |
| 1938046108 | Emancipation Proclamation | Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. It closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines. | 27 | |
| 1938046109 | Thirteenth Amendment | Prohibited all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate states were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry to the Union. | 28 | |
| 1938046110 | Battle of Fredericksburg | Decisive victory in VA for General Lee. | 29 | |
| 1938046111 | Battle of Gettysburg | Battle in PA that ended in Union victory, spelling down doom for the Confederacy, who never again managed to invade the North. | 30 | |
| 1938046112 | Gettysburg Address | Lincoln's speech that framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty. | 31 | |
| 1938046113 | Battle of Forts Henry and Donelson | Key victory for General Grant of the Union, and secured the North's hold on KY and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into TN. | 32 | |
| 1938046114 | Battle of Shiloh | Bloody battle on Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of 23,000+ soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory. | 33 | |
| 1938046115 | Siege of Vicksburg | 2 1/2 month siege of a Confederate port on the Mississippi River in TN. Vicksburg finally fell to Grant in July 1863, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South into two. | 34 | |
| 1938046116 | Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War | Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation. | 35 | |
| 1938046117 | Copperheads | Northern democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Lincoln, the draft, and emancipation. | 36 | |
| 1938046118 | The Man Without a Country | Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journey in exile. It inspired a greater devotion to the Union. | 37 | |
| 1938046119 | Union Party | A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats. | 38 | |
| 1938046120 | Wilderness Campaign | A series of brutal clashes between the armies of Grant and Lee in VA leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse. | 39 | |
| 1938046121 | Appomattox Courthouse | Where Lee surrendered to Grant after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout VA. | 40 | |
| 1938046122 | Reform Bill of 1867 | Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate. The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory, was used as an argument for the Bill. | 41 | |
| 1938046123 | Thomas J. Jackson | Confederate general after Lee. | 42 | |
| 1938046124 | George B. McClellan | Major general in the Civil War and a Democratic presidential nominee in 1864. | 43 | |
| 1938046125 | Robert E. Lee | Commanded the Confederate Army of Northern VA from 1862-1865. | 44 | |
| 1938046126 | John Pope | Union general, defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run. | 45 | |
| 1938046127 | A. E. Burnside | Military official, railroad executive, and politician, best known for serving the Union as a general during the First Battle of Bull Run. | 46 | |
| 1938046128 | Joseph Hooker | Major General for the Union Army. | 47 | |
| 1938046129 | George G. Meade | Union general from Spain. | 48 | |
| 1938046130 | George Pickett | General in the Confederate States Army. | 49 | |
| 1938046131 | Ulysses S. Grant | 18th president of the US and general for the Union Army. | 50 | |
| 1938046132 | William Tecumseh Sherman | General for the Union Army. | 51 | |
| 1938046133 | Salmon Chase | Senator from Ohio. | 52 | |
| 1938046134 | Clement L. Vallandigham | Ohio politician, leader of the Copperheads, served two terms in the House of Representatives. | 53 | |
| 1938046135 | John Wilkes Booth | Stage actor who assassinated Lincoln. | 54 | |
| 1938046136 | Freedman's Bureau | Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators. | 55 | |
| 1938046137 | "10 Percent" Reconstruction Plan | Introduced by Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10% of its voters had pledged loyalty to the US and to honor emancipation. | 56 | |
| 1938046138 | Wade-Davis Bill | Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Lincoln's 10% plan, it required 50% of voters to pledge allegiance to the US and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. It reflected divisions between Congress and the President, between radical and moderate Republicans, and over the treatment of the defeated South. | 57 | |
| 1938046139 | Black Codes | Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. | 58 | |
| 1938046140 | Pacific Railroad Act | Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds. | 59 | |
| 1938046141 | Civil Rights Bill | Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property. | 60 | |
| 1938046142 | Fourteenth Amendment | Extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process. | 61 | |
| 1938046143 | Reconstruction Act | It divided the South into 5 military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the 14th Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union. | 62 | |
| 1938046144 | Fifteenth Amendment | Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage. | 63 | |
| 1938046145 | Ex parte Milligan | Civil War Era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals couldn't be used to try civilians if civil courts were open. | 64 | |
| 1938046146 | Redeemers | Southern democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction. | 65 | |
| 1938046147 | Woman's Loyal League | Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery. | 66 | |
| 1938046148 | Union League | Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation. | 67 | |
| 1938046149 | Scalawags | Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War. | 68 | |
| 1938046150 | Carpetbaggers | Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure. | 69 | |
| 1938046151 | Ku Klux Klan | Extremist right-wing society founded in the mid-19th century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-Jew, anti-black, etc., but pro-Protestant and pro-Anglo-Saxon. | 70 | |
| 1938046152 | Force Acts | Passed by Congress after a wave of KKK violence. They banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the US military the authority to enforce the acts. | 71 | |
| 1938046153 | Tenure of Office Act | Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. | 72 | |
| 1938046154 | Seward's Folly | Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia. The term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War. | 73 | |
| 1938046155 | Oliver O. Howard | Union general. | 74 | |
| 1938046156 | Andrew Johnson | 17th president who assumed office after Lincoln's assassination. He was impeached for "high crimes and misdemeanors". | 75 | |
| 1938046157 | Thaddeus Stevens | Leader of the Radical Republican faction of the Republican Party. | 76 | |
| 1938046158 | Hiram Revels | Minister of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and a Republican politician. He was the first African American to serve in the Senate. | 77 | |
| 1938046159 | Edwin M. Stanton | Secretary of War under Lincoln for most of the Civil War. | 78 | |
| 1938046160 | Benjamin Wade | Senator during the Reconstruction known for his leading role among the Radical Republicans. | 79 | |
| 1938046161 | William Seward | US Secretary of State, Governor of NY, US Senator. | 80 | |
| 1938046162 | Waving the Bloody Shirt | Refers to the practice of politicians referencing the blood of martyrs to criticize opponents. | 81 | |
| 1938046163 | Tweed Ring | A symbol of the Gilded Age corruption. | 82 | |
| 1938046164 | Credit Mobilier Scandal | A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices/profits. A scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Credit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and event the VP in order to allow the ruse to continue. | 83 | |
| 1938046165 | Panic of 1873 | A world wide depression that began in the US when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. | 84 | |
| 1938046166 | Gilded Age | 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era. | 85 | |
| 1938046167 | Patronage | A system in which political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day | 86 | |
| 1938046168 | Compromise of 1877 | Ended the Reconstruction; in exchange for the Republican candidate, Hayes, winning the presidential election, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, Democratic-dominated electoral politics. | 87 | |
| 1938046169 | Civil Rights Act of 1875 | The last piece of federal civil rights to legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but the Act provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. The Supreme Court son declared most of the Act unconstitutional. | 88 | |
| 1938046170 | Sharecropping | Black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. It was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the war, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual fears of "mob rule". | 89 | |
| 1938046171 | Jim Crow | System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-20th century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for Blacks and whites, it sought to prevent racial mixing in public. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation. | 90 | |
| 1938046172 | Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws didn't violate the 14th Amendment. This decision provided justification for the Jim Crow laws until the 1950s. | 91 | |
| 1938046173 | Chinese Exclusion Act | Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the US. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in US history. | 92 | |
| 1938046174 | Pendleton Act | Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted government jobs on the basis of exams of political patronage, this reigning in the spoils system. | 93 | |
| 1938046175 | Homestead Strike | A strike at Carnegie steel plant in PA that ended in am armed battle between the strikers and federal troops, which killed 10 people and wounded over 60. The strike was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 that helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers. | 94 | |
| 1938046176 | Grandfather Clause | A regulation established in many southern states in the 1890s that exempted rom voting requirements anyone who could prove that their ancestors had been able to vote in 1860. Since slaves couldn't vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks. | 95 | |
| 1938046177 | Jay Gould | Leading American railroad developer. He was very successful at business and was at one point the 9th richest US citizen. | 96 | |
| 1938046178 | Horace Greeley | Founder of the Liberal Republican Party. | 97 | |
| 1938046179 | Rutherford B. Hayes | 19th president of the US; he oversaw the end of the Reconstruction; and led the efforts that began civil service reform. | 98 | |
| 1938046180 | James A. Garfield | 20th US president. | 99 | |
| 1938046181 | Chester Arthur | 21st president of the US, succeeding Garfield after his assassination. | 100 | |
| 1938046182 | Grover Cleveland | 22nd and 24th president of the US, only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms and to be counted as president twice. | 101 | |
| 1938046183 | Thomas B. Reed | "Czar Reed" Representative from Maine. | 102 | |
| 1938046184 | Tom Watson | Leader of the Populist Party. | 103 | |
| 1938046185 | William Jennings Bryan | Populist wing of the Democratic Party. | 104 | |
| 1938046186 | J.P. Morgan | Financier and banker who financed the creation of the Federal Steel Company. | 105 |
