AP US History
American Pageant 13th Ed.
Chapter 24 Review
(Vocab + Questions)
Also used:
http://wikinotes.wikidot.com/chapter-24-13
Terms : Hide Images
| 124288557 | transcontinental railroad | Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US; main goal for rails | |
| 124288558 | Union Pacific Railroad | Congress commissioned this railroad to push westward from Omaha, Nebraska to California | |
| 124288559 | Central Pacific Railroad | started in California, and pushed eastward; eventually connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah | |
| 124288560 | Leland Stanford | headed up the railroad efforts from California | |
| 124288561 | Northern Pacific Railroad | railroad from Lake Superior to Puget Sound | |
| 124288562 | Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe | railroad from Kansas to California | |
| 124288563 | Southern Pacific | from New Orleans to San Francisco | |
| 124288564 | Great Northern | from Duluth, MN to Seattle | |
| 124288565 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | began consolidating the New York Central line; this led to cheaper fares/rates and faster travel times | |
| 124288566 | steel rails | replaced the older technology of iron rails | |
| 124288567 | standardized gauge | used to measure the distance between tracks | |
| 124288568 | air brake | invention that greatly increased efficiency and safety in trains | |
| 124288569 | Pullman Palace Cars | luxury passenger cars that were built and were very popular for travelers | |
| 124288570 | time zones | railroads led to the creating of this to help coordinate times between different areas | |
| 124288571 | kickbacks | frequent bribes given to governmental officials and major customers | |
| 124288572 | pools | where competitors agreed to cooperate as if they were one mega company | |
| 124288573 | The Grange | Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads | |
| 124288574 | Wabash case | 1886 supreme court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce | |
| 124288575 | Interstate Commerce Act | 1877 act passed by Congress that outlawed rebates and pools | |
| 124288576 | Richard Olney | Began as a leading corporate lawyer who noted that the Interstate Commerce Act could help the railroads | |
| 124288577 | Alexander Graham Bell | invented the telephone as a part-time hobby while teaching the deaf to speak | |
| 124288578 | Thomas Edison | inventor of the light bulb as well as many, many other inventions | |
| 124288579 | Liquid capital | (money or a millionaire class) emerged to build new businesses | |
| 124288580 | typewriter | invention which helped bring women to work | |
| 124288581 | Andrew Carnegie | Built a steel mill empire; US Steel Corporation | |
| 124288582 | John D. Rockefeller | Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy; founded the Standard Oil Company and nearly monopolized the Oil Industry | |
| 124288583 | Standard Oil Company | Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. | |
| 124288584 | vertical integration | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution; Rockefeller used it to either force a competitor out of business or buy them out to grow even larger | |
| 124288585 | interlocking directorates | placed own men on boards of directors of rival competitors | |
| 124358165 | J.P. Morgan | an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time; used interlocking directorates | |
| 124358166 | Bessemer Process | an industrial process for making steel using a converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities | |
| 124358167 | economies of scale | where large companies produce a cheaper product and thus put even more pressure on the "little guy" | |
| 124358168 | horizontal integration | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level | |
| 124358169 | Gustavus Swift | In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry. | |
| 124358170 | Philip Armour | meat-packing entrepreneur; worth $50 million when died in 1901 due to innovation and efficiency of his company | |
| 124358171 | Gospel of Wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | |
| 124358172 | Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion | |
| 124358173 | Russell Conwell | He was a Revered and a staunch advocate of Social Darwinism. He became rich by delievering his sermon/lecture "Acres of Diamonds" thousands of times; his theme was that people earn their lots in life, either good or bad. | |
| 124358174 | plutocracy | a political system governed by the wealthy people | |
| 124358175 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act | Act passed in 1890 that attempted to outlaw trusts or monopolies | |
| 124358176 | James Buchanan Duke | Formed the American Tabacco Company, controlled 90% of the cigarette market | |
| 124358177 | Henry Grady | editor of the Atlanta Constitution, urged Southerners to beat the Yankees at their own game of industry | |
| 124358178 | Charles Dana Gibson | United States illustrator remembered for his creation of the 'Gibson girl' | |
| 124358179 | ironclad oaths | where workers pledged to not join a union | |
| 124358180 | National Labor Union | organized in 1866 have about 600,000 members agitated for arbitration of disputes and an 8 hour workday | |
| 124358181 | Knights of Labor | Union open to everyone but "non producers": liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers; they sought workers' cooperatives (to pool their money and resources), better working conditions, and the 8 hour workday | |
| 124358182 | Terence Powderly | a well-known national figure as leader of the Knights of Labor from 1883-1893 | |
| 124358183 | Haymarket Square Incident | (1886) Chicago police advanced on a meeting that had been called to protest supposed brutalities by authorities. Dynamite bomb thrown and dozens were killed. Knights of labor were blamed for this incident, and lost public support | |
| 124358184 | John Atlgeld | Governor who pardoned the three anarchists who were involved in the bombing at the Haymarket Square Incident | |
| 124358185 | American Federation of Labor | Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor; made up of skilled craftsmen |
