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| A literary movement with an emphasis on the imagination and emotions | ||
| The first great school of American painters that emerged in New York. Frederic Church, Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty, and Asher Durand were also known as this, and they painted the spectacular vistas of the rugged and still largely untamed Hudson Valley. | ||
| The first great American novelist, he had a fasination with the human relationship to nature and witht eh challenges of American's expansion westward. His most important novels where The Last of the Mohicans and The Deerslayer. He evoked the ideal of the independent individual with a natural inner goodness. | ||
| In 1855, he published his first book of poems Leaves of Grass. His poems celebrated democracy, the liberation of the individual spirit, and the pleasure of the flesh. He, being a homosexual in an enviorment intolerent of unconventional sexuality, tried to push for physical and emotional release to reach personal fufillment. | ||
| One of the greatest writers of his era, his most important novel was Moby Dick, published in 1851. This was a story of courage and of the strength of human will. But it was also a tragedy of pride, revenge, and an uncomfortable metaphor for the harsh, individualistic, achievment-driven culture of nine-teenth century America. | ||
| Southern writer who produced stories and poems that were primarily sad and macabre. His famous poem The Raven, established him as a major literary figure. He believed the world contained much pain and horror, and evoked imaged of individuals rising above the narrow confinds of intellect and exploring the deeper world of the spirit and the emotions. | ||
| He was one of the distinguished men of the south who produced historical romances or romantic eulogies of the plantation system. His work expressed a broad nationalism that transcended his regional background, but by the 1840s he too had become a strong defender of the southern institutions, especialy slavery, against the North. | ||
| One group of writers who prduced works that were more broadly American, these were writers from the fringes of plantation society, who depicted the world of the backwoods rural areas. They focused on ordinary people and poor whites. Their works were sometimes painfully realistic. These southern realists established a tradition of American regional humor that was ultimatly to find its most powerful voice in Mark Twain. | ||
| Was the leader of a small group of intellectuals centered in Concord, Massachusetts, who developed the Transcendentalist philosophy. He was a Unitarian minister in his youth, but later devoted himself to writing, teaching, and lecturing, and was an advocator of commitment of the individual to the full exploration of inner capacities. | ||
| A transcendentalist that went even farther than Emerson in repudiating forces of society. He said each individual should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society's expectations and responding instead to his or her own instincts. He wrote Walden which supported his own effort to free himself and led him to build a small cabin in the Concord woods on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived alone for two years as simply as he could. He was attempting to liberate himself from society. | ||
| Or passive resistance, a public refusal to obey unjust laws. | ||
| included Thoreau, Emerson. People like this promoted self-reliance, transcending to truth, inner light/peace/spirit, and rejected traditional religion | ||
| This was the dream of the Boston transcendentalists George Ripley and it was established in 1841 and an experimental community in West Roxbury, Ma. There individuals would gather to create a new society that would permit every member to have full opprtunity for self-realization. | ||
| One of the orignial residents of the Brook Farm, was a writer who expressed his disillusionment with the experiment and, to some extent, with transcendentalism in a series of novels. He wrote The Scarlet Letter, in which he expressed the pride individuals pay for cutting themselves off from society. | ||
| A Scottish industrialist and philanthropist who founded and experimental community in Indian in 1825, which he named New Harmony. It was to be a village of cooperation, in which every resident worked and lived in total equality. However, the community was an economic failure. | ||
| Was a perfect untopian communtiy established in 1848 in New York by John Humphrey Noyes. The people in this community rejected notation of family and marrige. All residents were "married" to all other residents. | ||
| Founded by "Mother" Ann Lee. This society, much like the Oneida, made a redefinition of traditional gender roles in society. They derived their name from a religous ritual in which members of a congregation would shake themselves free of sin while preforming a loud chant and an ecsatic dance. | ||
| Founded by Joseph Smith, who claimed he was visited by God, and in 1830 he published a document called The Book of Mormon. He said it was a translation of a set of gld tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God. | ||
| Published by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was named for the ancient prophet who was claimed to have written in. It was, he said, a translation of gold tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God. It told the story of two successful ancient American civilizations, whose people had anticipated the coming of Christ and were rewarded when Jesus actually came to America after his resurrection. Ultamitly, however, both civilizations collapsed. | ||
| This practice was introduced by Joseph Smith and it was the right of men to take several wives. | ||
| Mormons founded this Illinois town, which became an imposing and economically successful community. | ||
| Became the leader of the Mormon Church after the death of Joseph Smith. He moved the Mormon community to present-day Utah where they were finally able to create a lasting settlement. | ||
| The leading revivalist of his time who said "The church, must take right ground on the subject of Temperance, the Moral Reform, and all the subjects of practical morality which come up from a decision from time to time." | ||
| A severe bacterial infection of the intestines, usually a result of consuming contaminated food or water. | ||
| Also known as Hydrotherapy, which purported to improve health through immersing people in hot or cold baths or wrapping them in wet sheets. This treatment delivered few of the benifits its promoters promised. | ||
| a Connecticut-born Presbyterian minister who won many followers with his prescriptions for eating fruits, vegetables, and bread made from coarsely ground flour instead of meat. | ||
| Originated in Germany, but was popularized in America by Orson and Lorenzo Fowler, who puplished the Phrenology Almanac. Phrenologists argued that the shape of a persons skull was a important indicator of their intellect and character. This theory is believed to have no scientific value at all today. | ||
| Developed the vaccination for smallpox. | ||
| A New England dentist who developed anesthetics when he was looking for ways to help his patients endure the extraction of teeth. | ||
| A Boston surgeon who began using ether to sedate surgical patients. | ||
| A Boston essayist, poet, and physician who published his findings from a study of large numbers of cases of "puerperal fever" and concluded that the disease could be transmitted from one person to another. | ||
| A Hungarian physician who vindicated Holmes by noticing that that infection seemed to spread by medical students who had working with disease corpses. Once he began requiring students to wash their hands and disinfect their instruments, tne infections virtually disapeared. | ||
| The first secratary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, which was established in 1837. He believed education was the only way to protect democracy, for an educatin electorate was essential to the workings of a free political system. He lengthend the academic year to six months, doubled teacher's saleries, broadend the curriculum, and introduced new methods of proffesional training for teachers. | ||
| Institutions that formed part of a great network of charitable activities known as this, they helped the disabled. | ||
| This was one of the institutions of the Benevolent Empire. It helped teach people who could not see and exemplified that idea that even societues most disatvantaged members could still be helped to discover their own inner strength and wisdom. | ||
| A reformer who, in Massachusetts, began a national movement for new methods of treating the mentally ill. | ||
| Sisters who became active and outspoken abolitionists and ignored attacks by men who claimed that their activism was inappropriate to their gender. The argued that men and women were created equal. | ||
| Along with Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. They were other reformers that similarly pressed the boundaries of "acceptable" female behavior. | ||
| In New York in 1848, when women organized a convention to discuss the question of women's rights. This was a reaction to the women being turned away from the anti-slavery convention in London. | ||
| A result of the Seneca Falls Convention and stated that "all men and women are created equal," that women no less than men are endowed with certain inalienable rights. In demanding the right to vote, they launched a movement for women's suffrage that would survive until the battle was finally over. | ||
| In 1817, a group of prominant white Virginias that organized this, which produced the gradual freeing of slaves, with masters receiving compensation. The liberated blacks would then be transported out of the country and helped to establish a new society of their own. Some of them went to the west coast of African, were in 1830 they established the nation of Liberia, and in 1846, Liberia became an independent black republic, with its capital of, Monrovia, named for the American president who had presided over the initial settlement. | ||
| A New Jersey Quaker who published the leading antislavery newspaper of the time. | ||
| Born in Massachusetts in 1805, and was an assistant to Benjamin Lundy. He grew impatient with his employer's moderate tone, so in 1831 he returned to Boston to found his own newspaper, the Liberator. | ||
| When Garrison attracted a large group of followers throughout the North it enabled him to found the New England Antislavery Society in 1832 and a year later, after a convention in Philadelphia, he established this. | ||
| The greatest of the black abolitionists. Born a slave in Maryland, he escaped to Massachusetts in 1838 and became and outspoken leader of the antislavery sentiment, and spent two years lecturing in England. When returning to the United States in 1847, he purchased his freedom from his Maryland owner and founded an antislavery newspaper, called The North Star in Rochester, New York. | ||
| He was the editor of an abolitionist newspaper in Alton, Illinois and was victimized repeatedly and finally killed when he tried to defend his press from attack. | ||
| A spanish slave vessel. Africans destined for slavery in Cuba seized the ship from its crew in 1839 and tried to return it to Africa, but the U.S. navy seized the ship and help the Africans as pirates. | ||
| 1842, ruled that states need not aid in enforcing the 1793 law requiring the return of fugitive slaves to their owners, abolitionist won passage in several in several northern states of "personal liberty laws," which forbade state officials to assist in the capture and return of runaways. | ||
| Laws the forbade state officials to assist in the capture and return of runaways. | ||
| Formed in 1840, ran Kentucky antislavery leader James G. Birney for president. This party, however, never campaigned for outright abolition. They stood for "free soil" to keep slavery out of territories. | ||
| From Kentucky, the canidate for president under the Liberty Party, was for abolition. | ||
| Keeping slavery out of territory. Some of these people were concerned about the welfare of blacks, others were people who cared nothing about slavery but simply wanted to keep the west a country for whites. | ||
| Had bloody uprisings in Kansas in which a group of prominant abolitionists fundled money and arms to him. | ||
| Wrote a novel called Uncle Tom's Cabin, published in 1852. It sold more than 300,000 copies within a year of puplication and was reissued again and again. It brought the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience. She became a hero to many in the North, and in both regions, her novel helped inflame sectional tensions to a new level of passion. |
