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| 10605052177 | Paleo-Indians | -human beings that migrated to the Americas during the Ethiopia time-period, who then became separated from the rest of humanity after the glaciers melted -nomadic hunters of game and gatherers of wild plants | 0 | |
| 10605052178 | maize | -corn -large grain plant first domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mexico about 10,000 years ago | 1 | |
| 10605052179 | Mesoamerica | -modern Mexico and Guatemala -area where agriculture led to the growth and development of major civilizations | 2 | |
| 10605052180 | Aztec Empire | -series of Mesoamerican civilizations -3,000 years ago lived near the Gulf of Mexico in large cities dominated by temple pyramids | 3 | |
| 10605052181 | Mayan civilization | -developed over 1,000 years after the Aztecs on the Yucatan Peninsula -large urban centers with tall pyramids and temples -studied astrology, created the 1st writing system in the Americas -kings of Mayan city-states started wars with each-other to gain more power, but the fighting and overpopulation led to the demise of the empire | 4 | |
| 10605052182 | moundbuilders (Ohioans) | -of the Ohio River region 2,000 years ago -contructed earthen mounds which were used as burial sites -economy was based on hunting and gathering | 5 | |
| 10605052183 | Anasazi | -in modern states of Arizona and New Mexico -cultivated maize and other Mesoamerican crops, but they didn't construct temple pyramids, nor did their towns resemble those found in Mexico | 6 | |
| 10605052184 | Pueblo Bonito | -in Chaco Canyon, a city that by 1,000 C.E. consisted of many large clay buildings constructed along the sides of the canyon -major regional trading center | 7 | |
| 10605052185 | Mississipians | -lived in the now mid-western and southeastern United States around 1,000 C.E. -civilization based on the cultivation of maize, beans, and squash -large cities with plazas and earthen pyramids | 8 | |
| 10605052186 | Cahokia | -largest Mississippian city which was located near modern St. Louis -at its peak, covered more than 5 square miles and had a population of at least 15,000 -a religious and trading center | 9 | |
| 10605052187 | Natchez | -a society characterized by temple mounds and autocratic priestly rulers -survived in the lower Mississippi River valley until the 1720s | 10 | |
| 10605052188 | Montezuma (Motecuhzoma II) | -at the coronation of this particular Aztec king, 5,000 people are thought to have been sacrificed to Huitzilopochtli, their god (of war) | 11 | |
| 10605052189 | Matrilineal | -in agricultural societies, each home housed an extended family defined through a female line of descent | 12 | |
| 10605052190 | matriarchy | -wielding of power | 13 | |
| 10605052191 | Patrilineal | -nomadic bands of the Great Plains, were most often related through the male line of descent | 14 | |
| 10605052192 | polytheism | -worshiping of many gods -common thread between beliefs was the gods integration with nature | 15 | |
| 10605052193 | Gold Coast | -composed of 30 little kingdoms known as the Akan States -also known as Slave Coast, because by the 18th century, it supplied most of the slaves in the English colonies -kings encouraged the founding of slave-trading posts and served as middlemen in the trade | 16 | |
| 10605052194 | polygyny | -one man having many wives, each of whom lived separately with her children -many West African societies practiced this | 17 | |
| 10605052195 | Black Death | -devastating epidemic of Bubonic plague, spread by rats and fleas as well as by human contact -arrived in Europe from China, traveling with long-distance traders along the Silk Road in 1346 -at least 1/3 of Europe's population died | 18 | |
| 10605052196 | Hundred Years War | -between England and France, initiated by the English for claiming the French throne -1337-1453 | 19 | |
| 10605052197 | Spice Islands | -originally named Moluccas -Europeans wished to expand their wealth and convert others to Christianity -known for its spices, silk, dyes, perfumes, jewels, gold | 20 | |
| 10605052198 | Christopher Columbus | -experienced sailor and mapmaker -argued it would be easier to reach Asia by sailing west rather than sailing around the tip of Africa -Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain (Portugal rejected him) financed his voyages | 21 | |
| 10605052199 | San Salvador | -where Columbus landed on an island in the Bahamas (called Guanahani) -Columbus renamed the island San Salvador | 22 | |
| 10605052200 | Treaty of Tordesillas | -signed by Spain, Portugal, and Pope Alexander the 6th, stated Portugal's dominance in Africa and Brazil in exchange for Spanish preeminence in the rest of the New World | 23 | |
| 10605052201 | John Cabot | -credited for bringing to Europe the first formal knowledge of the northern coastline of the continent which is now known as the the US and Canada -supported by King Henry 7th of England | 24 | |
| 10605052202 | Jacques Cartier | -financed by the French in 1534 -looking for the "Northwest Passage" through the Americas | 25 | |
| 10605052203 | Henry Hudson | -explored the North American coast for the Dutch West India Company in 1609+1610 -looking for the "Northwest Passage" through the Americas | 26 | |
| 10605052204 | Columbian Exchange | -the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries | 27 | |
| 10605052205 | smallpox | -a unintentional byproduct of the Columbian Exchange -spread through human contact -killed millions of natives in the area | 28 | |
| 10605052206 | tobacco | -discovered in America -at first believed to have beneficial medicinal effects, later discovered to contribute to lung cancer -chewing it was a huge and popular fad in the Old World | 29 | |
| 10605052207 | Hernan Cortes | -Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico in 1485-1547 | 30 | |
| 10605052208 | Francisco Pizarro | -explored the western coast of South America -acquired the richest silver mines in the world by conquering and enslaving the Incas in 1535 | 31 | |
| 10605052209 | Encomienda system | -granted tribute from Indian villages to individual conquistadors as a reward for their services to the Crown-thus legalizing Indian slavery -installed in colonies to ensure control -idea created by the Spaniards | 32 | |
| 10605052210 | Franciscan and Dominican Orders | -friars devoted their time to persuading Mesoamercian people to move into new towns, build Roman Catholic churches, and fully embrace the Catholic religion as well as European life | 33 | |
| 10605052211 | Roanoke Island | -first English colony -established in present-day North Carolina in 1590 -over 100 colonists disappeared without a trace, leaving on the word "Croatoan" on a tree | 34 | |
| 10605052212 | The Black Legend | -a style of nonobjective historical writing or propaganda that demonizes Spain, its people and its culture in an intentional attempt to damage its reputation | 35 | |
| 10605052213 | Bartolome de las Casas | -a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar -advocated for the Native Americans | 36 | |
| 10605052214 | Analyze the development of American civilizations in the Pre-Columbian era (before the arrival of Europeans)? | -the Natives were disbursed over the continent. Their society was based on what the land around them produced, which they saw as land for everyone's use, but not to own. They were a matrilineal society and women hand important roles in religion (which they associated with the natural world). They divided tasks between gender as many other societies did. They had elaborate social systems, and civilizations emerges in South, Central, and what is now Mexico. The Incas created largest empire in America with a large network of paved roads. The Myans developed a written language, a calendar, a numerical system, and trade routes. In the North, empires were not as big, but they still existed on hunting, fishing, and gathering. | 37 | |
| 10605052215 | What misconceptions might a non-historian have about Native Americans before European arrival that were illuminated in the text? | -Native Americans were war-hungry savages (violent and aggressive) -Native Americans were primitive people, and many people view their society as similar to that of a third-world country | 38 | |
| 10605052216 | Compare and contrast the sexual division of labor among Native American, African, and European cultures? | Native American: *men hunted, protected home, *women gathered food/processed it, made clothing, bore children *both took part in politics, however, men tended to have more say, both took part in religion African: *men hunted, managed livestock, and did most of the fishing *women took care of children, food preparation, made clothing, primary local traders *agricultural duties were shared, as were politics European: *men did most of the fieldwork, herded livestock, was trained in a trade of some sort *women helped a little in the field, primarily took care of children and house *men dominated in all areas in life of Europe | 39 | |
| 10605052217 | What developments in Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries led to new exploration (ultimately leading to the "discover" of the Americas)? | -lateen caravel (more room underneath the boat) -lateen sail (triangle) -astrolabe: relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky -understanding the direction of winds | 40 | |
| 10605052218 | What were the chief motivations for European exploration? | -god, gold, and glory -looking for easy access to African and Asian goods | 41 | |
| 10605052219 | What were the 3 major topics (or themes) Columbus wrote about in his logs? What do they reveal about European attitudes toward indigenous people? | 1. Columbus consistently asked Tainos natives where he could find gold, pearls, and valuable spices. The natives told him they were on another island yet he did not believe nor trust them 2. Columbus wrote of strange and beautiful plants and animals. 3. Columbus described the islands' human residents, and he seized many to take them back to Europe. He wished to convert all the natives to Christianity as well. -Europe wished to exploit the Americas' natural resources, including plants, animals, and people | 42 | |
| 10605052220 | Create a chart showing what was exchanged between Europe and Native Peoples in the Columbian Exchange | Europe: *maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and tobacco *syphilis Natives: *wheat, barley, rice, and turnips *horses, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, cattle, black rats, mosquitoes *carried SMALLPOX, measles, chickenpox, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever. | 43 | |
| 10605052221 | Examine the impact of disease in the new world | -averaging 25-50 percent of the tribes members lost to disease. Additionally, smaller tribes neared extinction after facing severely a destructive spread of disease. -millions upon millions of Native Americans killed | 44 | |
| 10605052222 | How and why did Spain take the lead in colonization in the New World? | How: by supporting Columbus, conquering and enslaving already weakened Native Americans (due to disease from the Europeans) Why: to find wealth from the natural resources of the area, and to convert its people to Christianity as well as capture and force them into slavery | 45 | |
| 10605052223 | What accounted for the rise of African slavery in the Spanish new world? | -in 1542, a new code of laws forbade Spaniards from enslaving Indians while still allowing them to collect money and goods from their tributary villages, thus conquers started importing Africans in order to increase the labor force under their direct control | 46 | |
| 10605052224 | How did England attempt to gain a foothold in the new world? Explain challenges to colonize and initial failures. | -started planting colonies in the Western Hemisphere, gaining access to valuable trade goods *challenges: other European presence, Native American tribes, unequipped colonists *failures: Roanoke and initially Jamestown | 47 | |
| 10605052225 | After reading the chapter, what was the overall impact of European exploration on the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries? | -complete disruption of Native American life/their weakening and demise -disease (SMALLPOX) -Columbian Exchange of plants and animals | 48 |
