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| One of the two great, competing alliances of the major powers of Europe in 1914. This group linked Britain, France, and Russia. | ||
| This was the name given to the nations of the Triple Entente | ||
| One of the two great, competing alliances of the major powers of Europe in 1914. This group united Germany, The Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy. | ||
| This was the name given to the nations of the Triple Alliance. | ||
| This man was assassinated on June 28, 1914 while paying a state visit to Sarajevo. This man was heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and he was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. His assassination is what began the war. | ||
| On May 7, this British passenger liner was sunk by a German U-boat without warning. 1,198 people died and 128 of them were Americans. This ship was carrying both passengers and munitions but most Americans considered the attack an unprovoked act on civilians | ||
| This was an unarmed French steamer that was attacked by German U-boats in 1916. Several American passengers were injured. After this, Wilson demanded that Germany abandon its "unlawful" tactics; Germany relented. | ||
| This man was a progressive New York governor and the Republican candidate who was more likely to go to war than Wilson. He lost the election. | ||
| This was Wilson's idea which would be upheld by a permanent league of nations. He proposed this in a speech before Congress in January 1917. This plan was meant for after the war. | ||
| This was sent by the German Foreign Minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to the government of Mexico but it was intercepted by Britain who, on February 25, gave it to Wilson. This proposed that in the event of war between Germany and the United States, the Mexicans should join with Germany against the Americans in return for their "lost provinces" in the north when the war was over. This was widely publicized by British propagandists and the American press. It inflamed public opinion and helped build popular sentiment for war. | ||
| This was an event in Russia in November 1917. After this happened, a new communist government took control of Russia led by V.I. Lenin. | ||
| This man led the new communist government that took control over Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution in November 1917. | ||
| This man led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) when they joined Allied forces in turning back a series of new German assaults. He wanted to drive on into Germany itself; but other Allied leaders, after first insisting on terms that made the agreement little different from a surrender, accepted the German proposal. | ||
| This was a group of soldiers led by John J. Pershing that joined Allied forces in turning back a series of new German assaults. In early June, this group assisted the French in repelling a bitter German offensive at Château-Thierry, near Paris. By the end of October, this group helped push the Germans back toward their own border and had cut the enemy's major supply lines to the front. | ||
| This was the location where the AEF repelled a bitter German offensive in early June. This is near Paris. | ||
| Six weeks after the AEF repelled German forces near Paris, Americans helped turn away another assault, at this location, farther south. By July 18, the German advance had been halted. | ||
| On September 26, an American fighting force of over 1 million soldiers advanced against the Germans in this forest. | ||
| This was a result of the enormous destructive power of newly improved machine guns and higher-powered artillery. It was no longer feasible to send troops out into an open field. The new weaponry would slaughter them in an instant. Trenches sheltered troops while allowing limited, and usually inconclusive, fighting. | ||
| These were fights where a plane engaged in attack with another plane. | ||
| The American government sold these to the public to raise the money to fund the war. This was one of the two devices that the government relied on. By 1920, the sale of bonds, accompanied by elaborate patriotic appeals, had produced $23 billion. | ||
| Wilson established this in 1916 and it was composed of members of his cabinet. | ||
| Wilson established this in 1916 and it set up local defense councils in every state and locality. | ||
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| This man was a brilliant young engineer and business executive who was elevated to prominence by the "war board" that handled food. | ||
| This was created in July 1917 to coordinate government purchases of military supplies. Casually organized at first, it stumbled badly until March 1918, when Wilson restructured it and placed it under the control of the Wall Street financier Bernard Baruch. | ||
| This man was placed in control of the War Industries Board in March 1918 by President Wilson. He decided which factories would convert to the production of which war materials, and he set prices for the goods they produced. When materials were scarce, he decided to whom they should go. When corporations were competing for government contracts, he chose among them. He viewed himself, openly and explicitly, as a partner of business; and within the WIB, businessmen themselves- the so-called dollar-a-year men, who took paid leave from their corporate jobs and worked for the government for a token salary- supervised the affairs of the private economy. | ||
| This was established in April 1918 and served as the final mediator of labor disputes. It pressured industry to grant important concessions to workers: an eight-hour day, the maintenance of minimal living standards, equal pay for women doing equal work, recognition of the right of unions to organize and bargain collectively. In return, it insisted that workers forgo strikes and that employers not engage in lockouts. | ||
| This orchestrated the most conspicuous of the governments efforts to enlist popular support, which was a vast propaganda campaign. This was under the direction of the Denver journalist George Creel. This supervised the distribution of over 75 million pieces of printed material and controlled much of the information available for newspapers and magazines. | ||
| This man was the leader of the Committee on Public Education. He encouraged journalists to exercise "self-censorship" when reporting war news, and most complied by covering the war largely as the government wished. | ||
| This gave the government new tools with which to combat spying, sabotage, or obstruction of the war effort (crimes that were often broadly defined). | ||
| This expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression of opposition to the war; in practice, they allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the president or the government. This worked along with the Sedition Act. | ||
| This expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression of opposition to the war; in practice, they allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the president or the government. This worked along with the Sabotage Act. | ||
| This man was the humane leader of the Socialist Party and an opponent of the war. He was sentenced to ten years in prison in 1918. He was pardoned by President Warren G. Harding which ultimately won his release in 1921. | ||
| This man and members of the IWW were energetically prosecuted. Only by fleeing to the Soviet Union did this man avoid imprisonment. | ||
| These were Wilson's war aims. He grouped his war aims under fourteen headings. They fell into three broad categories. First, Wilson's proposals contained a series of eight specific recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries and establishing new nations to replace the defunct Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires. Second, five general principles would govern international conduct in the future: freedom of the seas, open covenants instead of secret treaties, reductions in armaments, free trade, and impartial mediation of colonial claims. Finally, there was a proposal for a "League of Nations" that would help implement these new principles and territorial adjustments and resolve future controversies. | ||
| This was proposed in Wilson's Fourteen Points and it would help implement these new principles and territorial adjustments and resolve future controversies. This visible triumph and the one most important to Wilson. The Allies voted to accept the "covenant" of this on January 25, 1919. | ||
| Wilson entered Paris on December 13, 1918 and went to this meeting. The principle figures in the negotiations were the leaders of the victorious Allied nations: David Lloyd George, the prime minister of Great Britain; Georges Clemenceau, the prime minister of France; Vittorio Orlando, the prime minister of Italy; and Wilson, who hoped to dominate them all. Russia was unrepresented. | ||
| The prime minister of Great Britain | ||
| The prime minister of France | ||
| The prime minister of Italy | ||
| This was named for the palace outside Paris where the agreement was signed. Wilson presented this to the Senate on July 10, 1919. Members of the Senate had many objections. Some opposed the agreement in principle, believing that America should remain free of binding foreign entanglements. But many other opponents were principally concerned with constructing a winning issue for the Republicans in 1920. Most notable of these was Henry Cabot Lodge. | ||
| This man was the most notable of the opponents of the Treaty of Versailles because he was concerned with constructing a winning issue for the Republicans in 1920. He was from Massachusetts and he was the powerful chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. He loathed the president and used every possible tactic to obstruct the treaty. | ||
| Started in January, a walkout by shipyard workers in Seattle, Washington, evolved into a general strike that brought the entire city to a virtual standstill. In September, the Boston police force struck to demand recognition of its union. With its police off the job, Boston erupted in violence and looting. Governor Calvin Coolidge called in the National Guard to restore order and attracted national acclaim by declaring, "There is no right to strike against the public safety." Coolidge's statement tapped into a broad middle-class hostility to unions and strikes, a hostility that played a part in defeating the greatest strike of 1919: a steel strike that began in September, when 350,000 steel workers in several midwestern cities demanded an eight-hour day and union recognition. | ||
| This began during the war when nearly half a million blacks had migrated from the rural South to industrial cities (often enticed by northern "labor agents," who offered free transportation) in search of the factory jobs the war was rapidly generating. Within a few years, the nation's racial demographics were transformed; suddenly, large black communities arose in northern cities, in some of which very few African Americans had lived in the past. |
