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| 63627381 | John. F. Kennedy 1960 Campaign and Election | The Democratic nominee in the 1960 election. He was a senetor from Massachusetts who had narrowly missed being the party's vice presidential canidate in 1956. His father was wealthy and a former American ambassador to Britian. He was a strong canidate who overcame doubts about his young age, and religion for he was catholic. He won the popularity barely with 49.9% and 303 to 219 electoral votes. | |
| 63627382 | Richard M. Nixon 1960 Campaign and Election | Rebublican nominee in the 1960 election. He was the vice president and for moderate reform. He was thought to be a shoe-in for presidency, but he barely lost the popular vote with 49.6% to Kennedy's 49.9%, also only 219 electoral votes to 303. | |
| 63627383 | The New Frontier | In kennedy's administration he had campaigned promising a set of domestic reform as he described as this. | |
| 63627384 | Lee Harvey Oswald | A confused and embittered Marxist who was arrested for shooting Kennedy. He was mysteriously murdered by a Dallas nightclub owner, Jack Ruby. The Warren Commission report had said that these two were unrelated and didn't have anything do to with a larger conspiracy. Many Americans came to believe that the report had idnored evidence of a wider conspiracy behind the murders. | |
| 63627385 | Lyndon B. Johnson | Kennedy's successor who was a native of west Texas, he was ambitous and had tried for the presidential nomination in 1960. He constructed a great reform program labeled "The Great Society." He won approval of much of it through his skillful lobbying in Congress. | |
| 63627386 | Barry Goldwater | Republican nominee who was a very conservative senator in Arizona. IN the 1964 election he managed to recieved a large popularity of over 61 percent. However, he managed to only carry his home state and five other states in the deep south. Johnson ended up winning and was headed toward filling many of his goals. | |
| 63627387 | War on Poverty | Johnson launched this only weeks after he took office. It;s centerpiece was the Office of Econmic Opportunity, which created an array of new educational, employment, housing, and health-care programs. | |
| 63627388 | Office of Economic Opportunity | Was the center on Johnson's war on poverty. It created an array of new educational, employment, housing, and health-care programs. | |
| 63627389 | Housing Act of 1961 | Offered 4.9 billion in federal grants to cities for the preservation of open spaces, the development of mass-transit systems, and the subsidizing of middle-income housing. | |
| 63627390 | Department of Housing and Urban Development | Johnson developed this new cabinet agency whose first secratary, John Weaver, was the first African American ever to serve in the cabinet. | |
| 63634076 | Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 | Extended federal aid to private and parochial schools in addition to public schools and based the aid on the economic conditions of students rather than the need of the schools. | |
| 63634077 | Immigration Act of 1965 | This law maintained a strict limit on the number of newcomers admitted to the country every year, but it eliminated the national origins system established in the 1920s, which gave preference tp immigrants from northern Europe over those from other parts of the world. | |
| 63634078 | Woolworth Sit-in | In February 1960 when black college students in Greensboro, NC, staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter; and in the following months, such demonstrations spread. | |
| 63634079 | Student Nonviolent Cooridinating Committee | Some of the kids who participated in the sit-ins formed this group, it was a student branch of Martin Luther King, Jr's Southern Christian Leadership Council. They worked to keep the spirit of resistance alive. | |
| 63634080 | Congress of Racial Equality | This group worked with an interracial group of students to begin what they called "Freedom rides." Traveling by bus throughout the South, they tried to force the desegregation of bus stations. They were met with so much racial violence that the federal marshals had to be called out to keep the peace. | |
| 63634081 | Eugene Bull Connor | Police Commissioner who personally supervised a brutal effort to break up the peacful marches, arrestion hundreds of demonstrators and using attack dogs, tear gas, electric cattle prods, and fires hoses in full view of television cameras. | |
| 63634082 | George Wallace | Governor of Alabama who stood in the doorway of a building at he University of Alabama to prevent the court-ordered enrollment of several black students. | |
| 63634083 | Medgar Evers | NAACP official who was murdered in Mississippi the same day Wallace was forced to allow black students in the University of Alabama. | |
| 63634084 | Birmingham Bombing | In September 1963, this was the bombing of a black church that killed four African-American children. | |
| 63634085 | March on Washington | To generate support for the civil rights legistlation 200,000 demonstrators marched down the Mall in Washington D.C. in August 1963 and gathered before the Lincoln Memorial lfor the largest civil rights demonstration in the nation's history. | |
| 63634086 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Proposed by Kennedy in 1963 but was stalled in the Senate after having passed through the House of Representatives with relative case. It was finally passed by Senate and became the most important civil rights bill of the twentith century. | |
| 63634087 | Freedom Summer | The great civil rights movement in the summer of 1964. It produced a violent response from some southern whites. The first three freedom workers to arrive in the South were murdered, and the local law enforcment officials were involved in the crime. | |
| 63634088 | Andrew Goodman | A white along with Michael Schwerner, and one black, James Chaney who were the first to arrive in the South as freedom workers. They were murded by local law officials. | |
| 63634089 | Selma March | A major demonstration organized by King in March 1965. It was to press for the right of blacks to register to vote. | |
| 63634090 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | This provided federal protection to African Americans attemtpting to excercise their right to vote. | |
| 63634091 | Affirmative Action | LBJ gave his support to this concept in 1965. Over the next decade, these guidlines gradually extended to virtually all institutions ding business or recieving funds from the federal governemtn and to many others as well. | |
| 63634092 | Watts Riot | In the midst of a traffic arrest, a white police officer struck a protesting black bystander with his club. This incident triggered a storm of anger and a week of violence. 34 people died during the uprising, which eventually quelled by the national guard. | |
| 63634093 | Commission on Civil Disorders | Created by the president in response to the riots, issued a celebrated report in the spring of 1968 recommending massic spending to eliminate the abysmal conditions of the ghettoes. | |
| 63634094 | Black Power | Suggested a shift away from the goal of assimilation and toward increased awareness of racial distinctiveness. | |
| 63634095 | Black Panthers | A revolutionary organization based in Oakland, California. | |
| 63826215 | Malcolm X | The most celebrated of black muslims. He died in 1965 when black gunmen, presumebly under orders from rivals within the Nation of Islam, assassinated him. He was originially for segregation, but after his trip to Mecca he wanted integration and spoke of the brotherhood of mankind. | |
| 63826216 | Green Berets | Special forces of soldiers who were trained specifically to fight guerrilla conflicts and other limited wars. | |
| 63826217 | Alliance for Progress | Kennedy proposed this to prepare relationships with Latin America. It was a series of projects for peaceful development and stablization of the nations of that region. | |
| 63826218 | Fidel Castro | This man took over the dictator in Cuba and in-tern became the new dictator. Refugees from Cuba escaped to the United States and the CIA has been training them to send them back to Cuba to start a revolution and overthrow this man. When they were sent back they were given weapons and told air support would be coming. Kennedy pulled out at the last second and sent no air support. The mission was a failure and the United States was seen as weak. This was known as the Bay of Pigs. | |
| 63826219 | The Berlin Wall | When the Soviet Union demanded that the U.S. pull out of Berlin the U,S. refused and so the Soviet Union put this up separating East and West Berlin. It became the most prominant symbol of the Cold War. | |
| 63826220 | Cuban Missle Crisis | In the summer of 62 American intelligence became aware of Soviet technicians and equiptment in Cuba. Aerial Reconnaissance photos produced clear evidence that the Soviets had nuclear weapons on the island. Kennedy threatend two options, either the U.S. would hold a blockade of Cuba and the Soviets would remove the missles or the U.S. would bomb the construction site. The Soviet Union eventually gave in and removed the missles if the U.S. promised to not invade Cuba. | |
| 63826221 | Ngo Dinh Diem | Leader of South Vietnam who had promised democracy but never actually followed through with it. Ho Chi Minh was the leader of North Vietnam and was a communist. The U.S. preffered Diem to Minh so they poured military assistance into South Vietnam. The Vietminh were the supporters of Ho Chi Minh who stayed behind in South Vietnam after the partition. | |
| 63826222 | National Liberation Front | Created by the Vietminh in the South, it was known to many Americans as the Viet Cong. It was an organization closely allied with the northern Vietnamese government. In 1960, they began military operations in the South. This marked the begining of the Vietnam War. | |
| 63826223 | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | Authorized the president to "take all necessary measures" to protect American forces and "prevent further aggression" in Southeast Asia. | |
| 63826224 | Attrition strategy | The belief that the United States could inflict more damage on the enemy than the enemy could absorb. This strategy failed because the North Vietnamese were willing to commit many more soldiers and resources to the conflict than the United Stateshad predicted. | |
| 63826225 | Pacification | Another American stategy whose purpose was to push the Viet Cong from particular regions and then "pacify" those regions by winning the "hearts and minds" of the people. | |
| 63826226 | J. William Fulbright | A Senator from Arkansas that was the chariman of the Foreign Relations Committee. He turned against the war and in January 1966 he began to stage highly publicized and occasionally televised congresssional hearings to air criticisms of it. | |
| 63826227 | Robert F. Kennedy | JFK's brother who was a Senator from New York who agreed with Fulbright and was against Johnson's policies. | |
| 63826228 | Robert McNamara | Had done much to help ectend the American involvment in the war, he quickly left the government in 1968. | |
| 63826229 | The Tet Offensive | A large attack by communist forces on American strongholds throughout Vietnam taking place on January 31, 1968 in which a few cities fell to communist forces. This offensive revealed to many Americans the brutality of the fighting in Vietnam as it was documented through television and photographs. Although this was a military victory for the United States, it significantly hindered the Johnson administration. | |
| 63826230 | Eugene McCarthy | Democrat from Minnesota, challenged LBJ for presidential nomination 1968, intellectual, Catholic, opposed to Vietnam War, appealed to youth. | |
| 63826231 | James Earl Ray | Martin Luther King's assassin who was captured two months after the assassination in London. He had no apparent motive. | |
| 63826232 | Sirhan Sirhan | assassinated Robert Kennedy in 1968; he was a young Palestinian he was apparently enraged by Kennedy's pro- Israeli policy. He shot Robert in the head amongst a crowd. | |
| 63826233 | 1968 Democratic Convention | Held in a hotel in Chicago where delegates voted down a peace resolution and seemed ready to nominate John's former vice, Hubert Humphrey, when protesters gathered for a rally outside. Police beat/arrested them to break up the crowd as the violence was caught on film. The Democrats still elected Humphrey. | |
| 63826234 | 1968 Election | On November 5, 1968, the Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard Nixon won the election over the Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. The election also featured a strong third party effort by former Alabama Governor George Wallace. Because Wallace's campaign promoted segregation, he proved to be a formidable candidate in the South; no third-party candidate has won an entire state's electoral votes since. |
