Terms and Names from Mr. Tucker's class
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| 25963134 | mercantilism | a country's power is derived from its wealth, increasing wealth requires vigorous trade, and colonies are essential to that growth. AKA the idea of unending growth. Favorable balance of trade: gold enters and goods exit. | 0 | |
| 25963135 | Navigation Acts | (1651) First Navigation Act- made by parliament to hurt Dutch economy, required English crops to be sent only to England or English colonies on ships that were England/English Colony made, had ½ English crew and master. 1660- Second Navigation Act- made by restoration government, same only ship crews had to be ¾ English, and enumerated commodities had restrictions. | 1 | |
| 25963136 | Enumerated Commodities | (late 1600s) sugar, tobacco and other products which could be shipped only to England or other English colonies, with the purpose of England having a monopoly on English colony produced tobacco and sugar, the highest fetching products. | 2 | |
| 25963137 | Staple Act of 1663 | Parliament regulates the goods going to the colonies, often everything had to come through England from foreign countries before going to the colonies. | 3 | |
| 25963138 | Lords of Trade | English government officials sent to America to enforce Navigation Acts. | 4 | |
| 25963139 | Demographic Differences w/in Colonies | (1600s) colonies that were farthest apart were the most different, most pronounced differences: life expectancy, sex ration & family structure. | 5 | |
| 25963140 | Praying Towns | series of seven towns along the coast which housed Indian survivors of disease in 1670s, created by John Eliot of Roxbury Church, they were converted to Christianity. | 6 | |
| 25963141 | King Philip's (Metacom's) War | 1675) War begun between Plymouth and Wampanogs but which escalates to include Massachusetts and Connecticut as well as the Nargasett tribe. Really bad, massacres on both sides, Indians better shots. Completed with a load of massacres by the Mohawks and some religious babble by the Europeans. | 7 | |
| 25963142 | Iroqsuois Nations | five nations of North Eastern Indian tribes forming the Iroquois League which vowed not to wage war on one another. They had a friendly relationship with New York governor, Edmund Andrus | 8 | |
| 25963143 | The Covenant Chain | a peace agreement between the five Iroquois Nations and the colonial New York. | 9 | |
| 25963144 | Mourning Wars | wars between tribes or within tribes initiated by the widow, bereaved mother or sister of a deceased loved one who insisted her male relatives repair the loss. A raid was then launched on the assailants and captives were taken. | 10 | |
| 25963145 | Susquehannocks | strong, Iroguoian-speaking people with firearms, involved in Virigian Indian War after mistakenly attacked as Doegs. | 11 | |
| 25967347 | William Berkely | Virginian governor who governed during war with the Doegs and Sushquehannocks. | 12 | |
| 25967348 | Bacon's Rebellion | Nathaniel Bacon leads a group of frontiersmen to find the Susquehannocks and finds a friendly tribe of Occaneechees, who offer to attack S's. They do, take captives, then Bacon kills them. | 13 | |
| 25967349 | James II | (1685-1688) Duke of York, succeeds Charles II, is deposed in the Glorious Revolution by Protestant opposition and replaced by William and Mary, imposed crack down on American, making more imperial | 14 | |
| 25967350 | Whigs and Tories | Whigs are pro-country, opposition to the king, opposed standing army, wanted reform of parliament, largely protestant, organized by Lord Shaftsbury. Tories are pro-court, advocate increase in war making capabilities, a standing army, sided with James II, supported Lords of Trade, wanted the legitimate succession. | 15 | |
| 25967351 | Popish Plot | belief by the Whigs that the papacy was conspiring with James II and Tories for Catholics to take over the world, by gaining advantage in powerful positions over protestants. | 16 | |
| 25967352 | Glorious Revolution | 1688) deposition of James II by Whig majority in parliament replaced by William and Mary. | 17 | |
| 25967353 | William and Mary | (1609-1702) Dutch regents who were put on the English throne after Glorious Revolution, protestant, signed the English Bill of Rights. | 18 | |
| 25967354 | Dominion of New England | (1686) James II trying to control whole of New England. Dominion includes Massachusettes, New Hampshire, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Conneticutt, New York and East and West Jerseys. Edmund Andros (autocratic governor of NY) used appointive council and moving court to govern, imposed religious tolerance- puritans tolerate Anglicans- enforced Navigation Acts and land taxes. | 19 | |
| 25967355 | Salem Witch Trials | (1692-93) Daughters of prominent Salem officials, including governor, Paris, accused old era opponents of new government of witchcraft. Largely resulted from chaos of Metacom's War. | 20 | |
| 25967356 | Mixed and Balanced Constitution | kings, lords, commons- reflects society, had a sort of limit of power. In the colonies, king=crown-appointed governor, lords=appointed assembly, and commons=elected assembly. | 21 | |
| 25967357 | Imperial Federalism | Central government with more localized governments doing smaller things, the crown wants more control. Used system of kings, lords, and commons. | 22 | |
| 25967358 | Edmund Andros | (1674-89) autocratic governor of New York, in 1686, governor of Dominion of New England | 23 | |
| 25967359 | Jacob Leisler | 1689 led rebellion which captured Fort James and renamed it Fort William, Protestant. | 24 | |
| 25967360 | Sir Robert Walpole | (1721-42) leader of Whig party opposed by conservative Whigs and Tories. | 25 | |
| 25967361 | Taos Pueblo Revolt | prolonged drought and outside attacks from Indians made Pueblo Indians return to non-christian religion, rebelled against Spanish repressors, led by Pope, medicine man, (1675), were fairly victorious, but failed to stop droughts/attacks so were again conquered in 90s. | 26 | |
| 25967362 | New France and the Middle Ground | 1600s France dealings with Indians. They were much more accommodating of Indian traditions, methods, which made Indians trust them more, using Algonquin shield against the Iroquois. | 27 | |
| 25967363 | La Salle | 1682 French dude? Rene-Robert Cavelier traveled down Mississippi and claims Louisiana. | 28 | |
| 25967364 | Louisianna | claimed in 1682 by La Salle, French. | 29 | |
| 25967365 | Primogeniture | common law right of first born son to inherit majority, reverted to in America after increasing populations forced Americans to anglicanize | 30 | |
| 25967366 | King William's War | (1689-97) Sir William Phips (Mass) forced Acadia to surrender, went to attack Quebec, but failed. Basically France v. England. | 31 | |
| 25967367 | Queen Anne's War | (1702-13) French and Indians destroy Deerfield, Mass, capture; many women converted and stayed with French, French v English. | 32 | |
| 25967368 | gang labor | tobacco plantation method of organizing slaves into groups, supervising closely, and keeping in fields all day. | 33 | |
| 25967369 | Task system | used with rice plantations, in the south, slaves have certain chores every day, then free time their own. | 34 | |
| 25967370 | Charleston | founded (1663) by Lords Proprietor, eight friends of Charles II, in South Carolina. | 35 | |
| 25967371 | staple crop | aka cash crop used for export, not sustenance, ie tobacco, sugar, rice, wheat. | 36 | |
| 25967372 | redemptioners | a new form of indentured service that was attractive to married couples- allowed them to pick their "master". Most in Pennsylvania. | 37 | |
| 25967373 | Benjamin Franklin | (1706-90) "the first civilized American." Printing press, enlightenment ideas, called for unification of colonies at Albany Assembly. | 38 | |
| 25967374 | James Oglethorpe | (1732) obtains charter for Georgia colony and leads that effort. Retaliates against Spanish during War of Jenkin's Ear to fufill Georgia's obligation to protect South Carolina by invading Florida in 1740. | 39 | |
| 25967375 | Great Awakening | (mid-1730s to early 1740s) immense religious revival in protestant world: England, Scotland, Ulster, New England, mid-Atlantic colonies, South Carolina. Emotional calls for spiritual rebirth. Results in increased Baptist and Methodist numbers. | 40 | |
| 25967376 | Eliza Lucas Pickney | pioneered indigo industry in South Carolina. | 41 | |
| 25967377 | Hanoverian Dynasty | the Georges- George I (1714) and II. | 42 | |
| 25967378 | Paper Money (Fiat) | used in place of gold. Loved by debtors, hated by lenders, because often fluctuates, depreciates in value. Implemented in colonial America. | 43 | |
| 25967379 | John Peter Zenger | launched New York Weekly Journal in 1733. Acquitted of "seditious libel" for criticizing government officials | 44 | |
| 25967380 | Guy Fawkes' Day | November 5th, every year a North End mob and a South End mob bloodied each other for the privilege of burning effigies of the pope, the devil and the Stuart pretender to the British throne. | 45 | |
| 25967381 | Scots-Irish | mostly from Ulster, 1720+ left for America to avoid increase in rent, greater trading privileges, first to New England: intro'd linen, then South Delaware valley. | 46 | |
| 25967382 | George Whitefield | first in theater, then Anglican minister, gave powerful, emotional speeches, instrumental in Revivals, preached in open fields. | 47 | |
| 25967383 | anglicizing of colonial America | (mid 1700s) Because of increasing population, the colonists were forced to revert to British techniques such as the first son inheriting the majority, higher dependence on British imports, gentry, fashion, mansions newspapers. | 48 | |
| 25967384 | THE OLD SOUTH | slavery integral to development of a society consisting of wealthy slaveholding planters, a much larger class of small planters, and thousands of slaves. | 49 | |
| 25967385 | Growth of Slavery (mid 1700s) | 1755 = peak of African slave trade to North America. 90% went to southern colonies. | 50 | |
| 25967386 | Pluralism in Pennsylvania | ethnic and religious complexity resulting from the high immigration rates. After 1720, Germans and Irish were most abundant immigrants. | 51 | |
| 25967387 | Backcountry | many Scots-Irish and Germans pushed west into the mountains, river valleys of Virginia and Carolinas. Many farmed, hunted or raised cattle. Had very little anglicizing, and was clannish and violent. | 52 | |
| 25967388 | Enlightenment in America | rejected vengeful God, exalted man's capacity for knowledge and social improvement. Tilotson influential- morality over dogma. Most Harvard graduated ministers embraced this view, that of no hell or divinity of Jesus. | 53 | |
| 25967389 | John Wesley | founder of Holy Club: High Church (into orthodoxy, ritual and liturgy) who did crazy things, ie were methodical in their religious practices, and were referred to as Methodists. Preached in America and Europe, life mission: to convert sinners. | 54 | |
| 25967390 | Gilbert Tennent | son of William Tennent, Sr. Set up Log College- trained evangelical preachers. (1740) Sermon: The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry. Firm believer in conversion experience over orthodoxy. | 55 | |
| 25967391 | Jonathon Edwards | only remaining Protstant/Non-Anglican member of Yale faculty in 1722. 1734-35 Revival in Connecticut, ended with suicide of follower because of sins' burden. Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737) explained revival as emotional response to God's word bringing sudden conversion. | 56 | |
| 25967392 | Country Constitutions | the southern colonies' "politics of harmony" system with mutual flattery between the elected assembly and governor. Resulted in cessation of public controversy. Followed "country" principles of British opposition. | 57 | |
| 25967393 | Court Constitutions | the northern colonies' system of political factions, with governors using patronage to reward/discipline to achieve their large vision of public welfare. | 58 | |
| 25967394 | Native American Trade | colonists along the frontier traded with Native Americans, often to maintain friendly relations with them. During the mid-1700s, it was more favorable for the Native Americans to trade with the British because their goods were of the same quality but less expensive than those of the French. This, in part, led to the French-Indian War. | 59 | |
| 25967395 | Stono Rebellion | (1739) most violent slave revolt in history of 13 colonies, inspired by Spanish Florida offering British colony slaves liberty and Mose. South Carolina. | 60 | |
| 25967396 | War of Jenkin's Ear | (1739) Britain v. Spain- nobody really accomplished anything, but British colonies gained some patriotism. Georgia invades Florida. | 61 | |
| 25967397 | King George's War | (1744-48) France v. Britain- started with British victory, but gave way to defeat. Ended by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. | 62 | |
| 25967398 | Breaking the Covenant Chain | previous alliances between British colonies and Iroquois Nations were not kept up, and intrusions by British on Mohawk land led to "cold shoulder" incident, where talks were completely ceased. | 63 | |
| 25967399 | Albany Congress | (1754) intercolonial congress to redress Iroquois grievances. | 64 | |
| 25967400 | French and Indian War (Seven Years War) | (1754-63) between France/Indians, England. Result of British conquest west of Mississippi | 65 | |
| 25967401 | Role of Native Americans | integral to success of French during French and Indian War, because of superior fighting techniques. | 66 | |
| 25967402 | Edward Braddock | British professional commander sent to North America who tried to cross the mountains to attack the French fort on the Ohio River. | 67 | |
| 25967403 | Governor Shirly | governor of Massachusetts (1741-56). Commanded the British armed forces in America in the French-Indian War. Led the forced-expulsion of French from Acadia. | 68 | |
| 25967404 | Battle of Lake George | (1755) French under Dieskau defeated by British under Johnson. | 69 | |
| 25967405 | Battle of Quebec | (1759) British forces under Wolfe successfully repel French forces under Montcalm, though both officers are mortally wounded. European style fighting. | 70 | |
| 25967406 | William Pitt | (1757) British war minister, understood colonies, didn't coerce, used consent, worked out rank problems, imposed discipline on Colonists, gave monetary incentive for colonies to help war effort | 71 | |
| 25967407 | Peace of Paris | (1763) peace agreement signed to end Seven Years War/ French Indian War. British dominated outside of Europe. | 72 |
