Newman and Schmalback
United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination
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| 1398068106 | French and Indian War | focused first 3 wars on battles in Europe and only secondarily on conflict in the colonies but in the 4th war, the fighting began in the colonies and spread to Europe | 1 | |
| 1398068107 | George Washington | leader of a small militia from VA sent to Fort Duquesne to halt the building of a French fort there; surrendered to a superior force of Frenchmen and their Native American Allies in 1754 | 2 | |
| 1398068108 | Edward Braddock | General from VA who lost disastrously as more than 2000 British regulars and colonial troops were routed by a smaller force of French and Native Americans near Ft. Duquesne | 3 | |
| 1398068109 | Albany Plan of Union (1754) | delegates from seven colonies adopted this plan; developed by Ben Franklin that provided for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes from the various colonies for their common defense | 4 | |
| 1398068110 | Peace of Paris | GB acquired French Canada and Spanish Florida; France ceded to Spain its huge Western territory, Louisiana, and claims west of the Mississippi River in compensation for Spain's loss of Florida | 5 | |
| 1398068111 | Salutary neglect | Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and had generally allowed its navigation laws regulating colonial trade to go unenforced; abandoned as the British saw a need to adopt more forceful policies for taking control of their expanded North American dominions | 6 | |
| 1398068112 | George III | King; with the dominant political party in Parliament (the Whigs) pursued a colonial policy aimed at solving Britain's domestic financial problems; wanted Americans to take more responsibility for cost of maintaining empire | 7 | |
| 1398068113 | Pontiac's Rebellion (1763) | first test of British imperial policy came in 1763 when Chief Pontiac led a major attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier; Native Americans angered by American movement into their territory as well as the lack of gifts from Britain; Pontiac allied with Native Americans in the Ohio Valley to destroy forts and settlements from NY to VA and the Brits sent regular troops to quell the rebellion | 8 | |
| 1398068114 | Proclamation of 1763 | prohibited colonists from settling West of the Appalachian Mountains in an attempt to prevent future hostilities between colonists and Native Americans; colonies acted defiantly and they passed the imaginary line into the frontier | 9 | |
| 1398068115 | Sugar Act (1764) | (also known as the Revenue Act), put duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries; chief purpose was to raise revenues for the crown, and a companion law also provided for stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts to stop smuggling; those found smuggling were put in admiralty courts to be tried by crown-appointed judges without trials | 10 | |
| 1398068116 | Quartering Act (1765) | required colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies | 11 | |
| 1398068117 | Stamp Act (1765) | enacted by parliament in 1765, required that revenue stamps be placed on most printed paper in the colonies, including all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets and advertisements; first direct tax collected from those who used the goods, paid by the people in the colonies, as supposed to the taxes on goods that were imported into the colonies, which were paid by merchants | 12 | |
| 1398068118 | Patrick Henry | young VA lawyer who stood up in the House of Burgesses to demand that the king's government recognize the rights of its citizens, including no taxation without representation | 13 | |
| 1398068119 | Stamp Act Congress | Reps from 9 colonies met in NY in 1765 under James Otis's call to form the Stamp Act Congress who resolved that only their elected reps had legal authority to approve taxes | 14 | |
| 1398068120 | Sons and Daughters of Liberty | secret society organized for the purpose of intimidating tax agents | 15 | |
| 1398068121 | Declaratory Act (1766) | Grenville replaced as PM and the stamp act was repealed but this asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies, "in all cases whatsoever" | 16 | |
| 1398068122 | Townshend Acts (1767) | Charles Townshend, chancellor of the exchequer, proposed this act that Parliament put new duties on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper; revenues be used to pay crown officials in the colonies, thus making them independent of the colonial assembles that had previously paid their salaries; provided for search of private homes for smuggled goods | 17 | |
| 1398068123 | Writs of assistance | general license to search anywhere | 18 | |
| 1398068124 | John Dickinson; Letters from a Farmer in PA | he agreed that Parliament could regulate commerce but argued that because duties were a form of taxation, they could not be levied on the colonies without the consent of their representative assemblies; principle of no taxation without representation was an essential principle of English law | 19 | |
| 1398068125 | Samuel Adams and James Otis | jointly wrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter and sent copies to every colonial legislature, urging the various colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts | 20 | |
| 1398068126 | Lord Frederick North | New PM urged Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts because their effect was to damage trade and to generate only a disappointing amount of revenue-ended the colonial boycott | 21 | |
| 1398068127 | Boston Massacre (1770) | a crowd of colonists harassed the guards near the customs house; the guards fired into the crowd, killing 5 people included African American Crispus Attucks; killers defended by revolutionary John Adams but Samuel Adams denounced shooting as a "Massacre" | 22 | |
| 1398068128 | Committees of Correspondence | started by Samuel Adams to form organizing committees in Boston and other Mass towns that would regularly exchange letters about suspicious or potentially threatening British activities | 23 | |
| 1398068129 | Gaspee Incident | British customs ship had been successful in catching a number of smugglers and in 1772, the ship ran aground off the coast of Rhode Island only to be destroyed by colonists disguised as Native Americans | 24 | |
| 1398068130 | Tea Act (1773) | made price of the British East India Company's tea cheaper than the smuggled Dutch tea | 25 | |
| 1398068131 | Boston Tea Party (1773) | shipment of BEIC's tea arrived in Boston harbor but there were no buyers; Bostonians disguised as Native Americans boarded the sips and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Harbor | 26 | |
| 1398068132 | Intolerable Acts | acts to punish colonists after Boston Tea Party (Coercive and Quebec Acts) | 27 | |
| 1398068133 | Coercive Acts (1774) | directed at punishing Boston and Massachusetts | 28 | |
| 1398068134 | Port Act | closed port of Boston, prohibiting imports and exports until tea was paid for | 29 | |
| 1398068135 | Massachusetts Government Act | reduced power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor | 30 | |
| 1398068136 | Administration of Justice Act | allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of in the colonies | 31 | |
| 1398068137 | Quartering Act | expanded to enable the British troops to be quartered in private homes, applied to all colonies | 32 | |
| 1398068138 | Quebec Act (1774) | British government passed a law organizing the Canadian lands gained from France; accepted by most French Canadians, but resented by the colonies | 33 | |
| 1398068139 | Enlightenment | European movement in literature and philosophy | 34 | |
| 1398068140 | Deism | belief that God had established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal | 35 | |
| 1398068141 | Rationalism | belief in human reason, science and respect for humanity | 36 | |
| 1398068142 | John Locke | Two Treatises of Government, reasoned that while the state (government) is supreme, it is bound to follow "natural laws" based on the rights that people simple have because they are human (sovereignty rests in the people and not with the state, people had a right to revolt when the govt failed to protect rights) | 37 | |
| 1398068143 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher who with Locke, constructed the Enlightenment theory | 38 |
