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| 3125229940 | St. Bartholomew's day 1572 (massacre) | 10,000 Huguenots were killed in cold blood because of strife between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots in France | 0 | |
| 3125229941 | Huguenots | French Protestants | 1 | |
| 3125229942 | Edict of Nantes (1598) | When French royalty granted limited toleration to the Huguenots, thus stopping the religious wars | 2 | |
| 3125229943 | Louis XIV | The French King since the age of 5, reigning for 72 years. He was known as the Sun King who called himself the country. He wanted Louis XVI to be King of Spain and strengthen relations between the two countries. | 3 | |
| 3125229944 | Quebec/St. Lawrence River | Permanent beginnings of a vast empire, Quebec was a granite sentinel for the St. Lawrence River. | 4 | |
| 3125229945 | Samuel de Champlain/Father of New France | Intrepid soldier and explorer with friendly relations to the Huron Indians who were enemies with the Iroquois. He founded New France, Quebec and St. Lawrence River. | 5 | |
| 3125229946 | Huron | Allies with the French against the Iroquois, who were allied with the English, in the upper NY area | 6 | |
| 3125229947 | Iroquois | Held grudges against France for helping the Hurons, so they hampered the French going into the Ohio River Valley and sided with the Brits in battles | 7 | |
| 3125229948 | Coureurs de Bois | "Runners of the woods" who were fur-trappers that did whatever they wanted | 8 | |
| 3125229949 | Voyageurs | French who recruited Indians into the fur-trapping business | 9 | |
| 3125229950 | Jesuits | French Catholic missionaries who labored zealously to save Indians for Christ from fur-trappers, but their intentions were not appreciated and were tortured by Indians. They were also explorers and geographers. | 10 | |
| 3125229951 | Antoine Cadillac/Detroit | Cadillac founded Detroit, the "city of straits," in 1701, pushing into the Ohio River Vally | 11 | |
| 3125229952 | Robert de La Salle/Louisiana/New Orleans (French) | La Salle checked Spanish penetration into the Gulf of Mexico region, naming the interior basin where it meets with the Mississippi Louisiana in 1682 in honor of Louis XIV. He returned Three years later to colonize the area but failed to find the Mississippi delta, landing in Spanish Texas, and was killed by his mutinous men in 1687. New Orleans was a fortified post in Louisiana in 1718. It was a strategic outpost that trapped the fur trade in the interior of the valley. Surprising amounts of grain came from the Mississippi to be shipped into the indies and Europe | 12 | |
| 3125229953 | King William's War (1689-1697)/Queen Anne's War (1702-1713) | Early wars between French fur trappers and English colonists, employing guerrilla warfare tactics in them because the mother countries didn't think colonists were worth the deployment of regular troops. Spain and France allied with their Indian friends and fought the Brits and their Indian friends | 13 | |
| 3125229954 | Treaty of Utrecht 1713 | Peace terms that revealed how badly France and its Spanish ally was beaten from the wars mentioned above | 14 | |
| 3125229955 | War of Jenkins's Ear 1739 | British captain Robert Jenkins had an ear cut off by Spaniards. He brought home the tale and war started between Spain and England. It later merged with the Austrian Succession War in King George's War | 15 | |
| 3125229956 | King George's War | France and Spain versus England, where New England invades New France. It was the result of the combination of the War of Jenkins's Ear and the Austrian Succession War | 16 | |
| 3125229957 | Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island | The reputedly impregnable French fortress that was captured by British recruits, but then was handed back in 1748 by a peace treaty, causing outrage amongst the colonists | 17 | |
| 3125229958 | Ohio Valley | The chief cone of contention between Brits and the French because it was a critical area for the westward pushing Brits and the French's lay to retaining the continent to link their Canadian holdings with those of the lower Mississippi Valley | 18 | |
| 3125229959 | George Washington | 1754, 21 years old Virginia governor who pushed to secure shaky legal rights to some 500,000 acres in the Ohio River Valley | 19 | |
| 3125229960 | Fort Duquesne (Pitt) | Important: waterways were roadways that can access the whole Ohio River Valley. It's a French pivotal point where Monongahela and Allegheny rivers join to form Ohio. | 20 | |
| 3125229961 | Fort Necessity | A hastily constructed fort by Washington to defend against French retaliation, but lost it to a siege | 21 | |
| 3125229962 | Cajuns | Brits conquered French Acadians in 1713, but brutally uprooted 4000 of them in 1755 because they feared backstabbing from them. The 4000 were scattered as far south as Louisiana. Now their descendants are called Cajuns, numbering at about 1 million | 22 | |
| 3125229963 | French & Indian War/Seven Years War (1754-1763) | Most far flung conflict in the world yet. It was fought in America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, and in the ocean. | 23 | |
| 3125229964 | Cause of the French & Indian War | Started by Washington's attack in Ohio Valley in 1754. The issue was that the French wanted to retain the valley as a link of Canada to the Mississippi while England wanted it in order to push west. | 24 | |
| 3125229965 | Uniqueness of the French & Indian War | Unlike the first three Anglo-French wars, it was started in America instead of Europe. Also, it was fought all around the world, like in Asia, Africa, Europe, and America | 25 | |
| 3125229966 | Disunion of Colonists in French & Indian War | The colonists were disunited at the beginning of the war because they thought of themselves more as colonists of individual colonies feather than Americans. So colonists closest to the shooting had offered generous amounts of money and volunteers, but those not close to it offered no support. There were also a lot of disagreement between different colonies, so they didn't want to help each other. Americans fought moodily in Northeast America. | 26 | |
| 3125229967 | Attitude of colonists induced by the French & Indian Wa | After the war, with the French presence gone, Americans felt as if they didn't need to hatch to England for defense and wanted freedom. The war shattered the myth that the Motherland was invincible and boosted colonial self-esteem. Colonists felt more independent of England because they thought that they fought the war more so than the Brits. | 27 | |
| 3125229968 | General Edward Braddock | A 60 year old man who led reluctant colonists to capture fort Duquesne in 1755. However, with heavy artillery, reluctant colonists, and the labor-intensive work of hacking a path in a dense forest, when he encountered a smaller French and Indian army, he was defeated. Though the Brits were ambushed by Indians, Washington saved them and protected them from Indian ambushes. Such an easy victory inflamed the Indians to attack the frontier from PA to NC. Thus leading the Brits to launch a full-scale invasion on Canada in 1756 but failed | 28 | |
| 3125229969 | William Pitt/Organizer of Victory | He was known as the "Great Commoner" who drew power from the common people. In 1757 he became the foremost leader in the London Government, the Prime Minister, throwing himself into handling his task, earning him the name of the Organizer of Victory. He decided on soft-pedal assaults in the French West Indies, disregarding it for the moment, and concentrated on Canada's vitals - Quebec-Montreal area, which made the attack more successful. He also out competent commanders in charge, took out so eruption, and paid Prussia to fight France. He fought an offensive war of attacking the French in Canada first. | 29 | |
| 3125229970 | James Wolfe | A 32 year old appointed by Pitt who led the capture of Quebec by scaling on the poorly guarded part of the rocky eminence, climbing the cliff and facing off the French army in the Plains of Abraham just outside of Quebec in the morning. | 30 | |
| 3125229971 | Battle of Quebec/Plains of Abraham | James Wolfe vs. Marquis de Montclam. Both died, but the English won and Quebec surrendered to them | 31 | |
| 3125229972 | Marquis de Montcalm | The leader of the French in the battle against James Wolfe | 32 | |
| 3125229973 | Salutary Neglect | Where the British practically allowed colonists to have free reign over themselves, not collecting taxes or enforcing navigation laws. It was fertile soil for the roots of independence. Therefore, when the Brits demanded colonists to begin following the navigation laws and started to strictly control them they revolted | 33 | |
| 3125229974 | Treaty of Paris 1763 | Ended the 7 years war | 34 | |
| 3125229975 | Pontiac's Uprising | Ottawa Chief Pontiac tried to drive the Brits out of the Ohio River Vally because the Indians are now weak without Spanish or French support | 35 | |
| 3125229976 | Daniel Boone | Land-hungry Quaker colonist from PA who went over the Appalachian mountains into Tennessee and Kentucky. He was an explorer, trapper, and hunter | 36 | |
| 3125229977 | Proclamation 1763 | Issued by the London government, it prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachians area. It was designed to work out the Indian problem fairly and to prevent another bloody eruption like Pontiac's uprising. Colonists felt angry and restricted by it, however, because they wanted more land. | 37 | |
| 3125229978 | France's Late Colonization of North America | Because during the 1500s, France had foreign wars and domestic strife, including the clashes between the Roman Catholics and the Protestant Huguenots, who were Calvinists | 38 | |
| 3125229979 | French Claims in North America and its Small Populace | France claimed Quebec, basically Canada, the Ohio River Valley and other River Valleys, Mississippi River to New Orleans, the Great Lakes, and the upper Midwest. The French had little economic motivation to move because they weren't dispossessed of land. The Huguenots were denied a refuge in the colony and the French favored the Caribbean islands with sugar more than the snow-covered colony of Canada. If they did move there, they lived mostly in Eastern Canada. | 39 | |
| 3125229980 | France's Most Valuable Resource in North America | The resource was the beaver, because European fashion favored beaver-pelt hats for earth and opulent appearance. Therefore, for profit, the French decided to go into fur-trapping with the Indians. However, Indians were killed by European diseases or debauched by alcohol, thus ruining Indian culture because the addiction on alcohol made them dependent upon the French. The killing of beavers also violated much of the Indians's religious beliefs, not to mention almost depleting the beaver species. | 40 |
