Words in bold and important people to know for the first 5 chapters.
Terms : Hide Images
| 1649884913 | Canadian Shield | The first part of North America that went above sea level, in the Northeastern part of the continent. | 0 | |
| 1649884914 | Incas | A tribe of Indigenous people in Peru, who were one of the most developed civilizations in the Americas. Their agricultural techniques (including terrace farming) were how they managed to make a big society in the harsh Andes Mountains. They were eventually conquered by Spanish forces in 1532. | 1 | |
| 1649884915 | Aztecs | A Native American empire in Mexico, one of the biggest and most advanced empires in the Americas. Eventually conquered by Hernán Cortés in 1521. | 2 | |
| 1649884916 | Nation-states | a country (under a unified government) where the people share a sense of national identity like culture and language | 3 | |
| 1649884917 | Cahokia | A huge settlement in Mississippi that housed up to 25k people. | 4 | |
| 1649884918 | 3-sister farming | Cultivating maize, squash, and beans together-beans on the cornstalk trellis, and squash over the planting mounds (which kept moisture in). | 5 | |
| 1649884919 | Middlemen | Dealers who work between original goods-producers and the merchants who do the final sail. Muslim Middlemen's heavy tolls were part of why Europeans really wanted a direct passage to Asia. | 6 | |
| 1649884920 | Caravel | A Portuguese type of ship that could sail closely into the wind, which helped them sail south along West Africa. | 7 | |
| 1649884921 | Plantation | Big agricultural location that grows crops for commercial use. Almost always uses indentured servants or slaves. | 8 | |
| 1649884922 | Columbian exchange | The intermingling and trading of living things (crops, food, animals, diseases) between the "old" and the "new" world upon Columbus's encounter with them. | 9 | |
| 1649884923 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A treaty shared by Spain and Portugal, where they split up the lands of the New World. Mostly to Spain, but Portugal "got" some Africa, some Asia, and Brazil. | 10 | |
| 1649884924 | Conquistadores | Spanish explorers who came to the Americas looking for money and adventure (G-d, Gold, Glory). They eventually conquered the Incas, Aztecs and other tribes. | 11 | |
| 1649884925 | Capitalism | An economic system that uses private property and a free market, that some scholars believe was fueled by the increase in prices in Europe after the Columbian Exchange. | 12 | |
| 1649884926 | Encomienda | Basically slavery, but with the intent that the Indians being enslaved were being converted to Christianity. | 13 | |
| 1649884927 | Noche Triste | (Sad Night), a night when the Aztecs attacked Cortés and his people (June 30, 1520) after the Spaniards had exhausted their welcome. | 14 | |
| 1649884928 | Mestizos | People who were of mixed European and Indian heritage, who created a new mix of culture. | 15 | |
| 1649884929 | Battle of Acoma | A battle between the Spaniards and the Pueblo people (in New Mexico), where the Spaniards took off one foot of each Pueblo survivor. | 16 | |
| 1649884930 | Popé's Rebellion | An uprising in 1680, where the Pueblo people destroyed all the Catholic churches in New Mexico, killed priests and settlers, and then built religious chambers on the sites of those churches. | 17 | |
| 1649884931 | Black Legend | The stories of the bad things that the Spaniards did in the Americas-encomienda, forced conversion, massacres, spread of diseases, etc. | 18 | |
| 1649884932 | Ferdinand of Aragon | Married Isabella of Castile, and united Spain, a catalyst for Columbus's adventure. | 19 | |
| 1649884933 | Isabella of Castile | Married Ferdinand of Aragon, and united Spain, a catalyst for Columbus's adventure. | 20 | |
| 1649884934 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian explorer, known for being the leader of the first Europeans to arrive at the Americas who would eventually settle it. | 21 | |
| 1649884935 | Francisco Coronado | A Spanish soldier and commander who in 1540 led people north from Mexico into Arizona. He wanted to find the Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos. | 22 | |
| 1649884936 | Francisco Pizarro | The conquistadore responsible for destroying the Incas in Peru. | 23 | |
| 1649884937 | Bartolemé de Las Casas | a Spanish priest who wanted to defend the Natives and make their lives better, he disapproved of the ways the Spaniards were attacking them. | 24 | |
| 1649884938 | Hernán Cortés | He conquered the Aztecs, who were at first welcoming to him but eventually grew tired of him. | 25 | |
| 1649884939 | Malinche (Doña Marina) | Hernán Cortés's translator, a Native American woman who helped him defeat them. Her name now means "traitor" in Spanish. | 26 | |
| 1649884940 | Moctezuma | The king of the Aztecs, who was initially hospitable to Cortés. Still was eventually killed when Cortés attacked. | 27 | |
| 1649884941 | Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) | Italian explorer, one of the first explorers sent by the English to the Americas. He went to North America, not South like most Spaniards did. | 28 | |
| 1649884942 | Robert de La Salle | French explorer, who had gone to the Mississippi river and claimed Louisiana for the French. | 29 | |
| 1649884943 | Father Junipero Serra | Spanish Catholic Priest, who founded 21 missions in California from San Diego to Sonoma. Christianized them, but also meant that they lost contact w/native cultures. | 30 | |
| 1650914424 | Protestant Reformation (England) | King Henry wanted to divorce his wife, but the Catholic church wouldn't let him, so he split from the church and created his own Church of England. | 31 | |
| 1650914425 | Roanoke Island | First settlement by the English in America, mysteriously disappeared and nobody raelly knows why. | 32 | |
| 1650914426 | Primogeniture | Laws saying that only eldest sons are eligible to inherit land. | 33 | |
| 1650914427 | Spanish Armada | The very large and powerful Spanish navy, which was defeated by the much weaker British navy in 1588. This defeat marked the end of the Spanish dominance in the New World. | 34 | |
| 1650914428 | Joint-Stock company | Similar to modern corporations, many adventurers would share their money to make a bigger company. | 35 | |
| 1650914429 | Charter | A grant of (written) authority for the king, these governed the royal colonies. | 36 | |
| 1650914430 | Jamestown | The first successful settlement the English had in America, in Virginia. | 37 | |
| 1650914431 | First Anglo-Powhatan War | War using "irish tactics" against the Powhatans from 1610-1614, ended when Pocahontas married John Rolfe. | 38 | |
| 1650914432 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War | Final effort of the Indians to move the Virginians out, but it failed and ended in their banishment from white settlements-origins of reservation system. | 39 | |
| 1650914433 | Act of Toleration | Maryland religious statute, granted religious tolerance to all Xians but death penalty for non-Xians (atheists and Jews). | 40 | |
| 1650914434 | Barbados Slave Code | Code that denied all rights to slaves and gave masters all those rights. This became the forerunner for much of American slavery. | 41 | |
| 1650914435 | Squatters | People who lived on/worked a land with no legal right to it. | 42 | |
| 1650914436 | Tuscarora War | North Carolinian war against the Tuscarora Indians, selling many into slavery and leaving the rest to become part of the Iroquois confederacy. | 43 | |
| 1650914437 | Yamasee Indians | A tribe of Indians who were eventually defeated by the South Carolinians. | 44 | |
| 1650914438 | Buffer | In this case, Georgia, which protected the valuable southern colonies from Spain in Florida. | 45 | |
| 1650914439 | Iroquois Confederacy | a powerful group of Native Americans in the Northeast part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida. | 46 | |
| 1650914440 | Henry VIII | King of England who split away from the Catholic Church and created Church of England, causing a huge rift b/w Catholics and Protestants for future generations. | 47 | |
| 1650914441 | Elizabeth I | Queen of England, Henry VIII's daughter via his second wife, who really took control of the country after the rifts created between different Christian denominations and sent the first English attempts at settlement. | 48 | |
| 1650914442 | Sir Francis Drake | Sort-of pirate, supported by the English crown, who stole from the Spanish and gave a lot of money to his investors, including Queen Elizabeth. | 49 | |
| 1650914443 | Sir Walter Raleigh | Organizer of Roanoke Island, a settlement attempt which mysteriously vanished. | 50 | |
| 1650914444 | James I | Elizabeth's nephew, king during the first settlement of Jamestown (hence the name) | 51 | |
| 1650914445 | Captain John Smith | First real leader of Jamestown, got the colonists to work, and began a small alliance between Powhatan's people and the colonists. | 52 | |
| 1650914446 | Powhatan | Chieftain of an Indian tribe near Jamestown, father of Pocahontas. For a while tried to make peace w/settlers but eventually it turned into wars. | 53 | |
| 1650914447 | Pocahontas | Daughter of Powhatan, she eventually married John Rolfe to cause a peace treaty and went back to England, where she died. | 54 | |
| 1650914448 | Lord De La Warr | Later governor of Jamestown, who was much harsher towards the Indians around him as well as towards the settlers. | 55 | |
| 1650914449 | John Rolfe | English settler, married Pocahontas. Fater of the Tobacco industry. | 56 | |
| 1650914450 | Lord Baltimore | Founder of Maryland, Catholic, wanted religious tolerance. | 57 | |
| 1650914451 | Oliver Cromwell | Puritan Soldier, defeated King Charles and ruled England for almost 10 years. | 58 | |
| 1650914452 | James Oglethorpe | One of the original founders of Georgia, a political activist who esp advocated for prison reform. | 59 | |
| 1650914453 | Hiawatha | Mohawk leader who helped form the Iroquois confederacy. | 60 | |
| 1650914454 | Calvinism | Religious teachings based on the teachings of John Calvin, based on Martin Luther's ideas but elaborated. Included predestination and the need to live a good life. | 61 | |
| 1650914455 | Predestination | The idea that the saved have already been saved and the not-saved have no chance of going to heaven. | 62 | |
| 1650914456 | Conversion | Showing that you're one of the elect people who are predestined for heaven. | 63 | |
| 1650914457 | Puritans | People who believed that the Church of England should be entirely reformed to go back to Christianity that they believed in, hated catholicism and liked calvinism. | 64 | |
| 1650914458 | Separatists | Wanted to cut all ties with Church of England. | 65 | |
| 1650914459 | Mayflower Compact | Contract signed by Pilgrim leaders, ended up being a forerunner to later constitutions. Agreed to follow majority will w/regulations. | 66 | |
| 1650914460 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | A group of much more moderate puritans, who wanted to make a colony in Massachusetts. Many believed they had a covenant w/G-d. | 67 | |
| 1650914461 | Great Migration | A time in the 1630s when many refugees left England. Most went to West Indies, but some went to Chesapeake and others to New England. | 68 | |
| 1650914462 | Antinomianism | The idea that those who were saved didn't need to obey any laws. (Greek meaning: against the law) | 69 | |
| 1650914463 | Fundamental Orders | Essentially a modern constitution, founded by the settlers of the Connecticut River colony. Democratic law controlled by the "substantial" citizens. | 70 | |
| 1650914464 | Pequot War | War between Connecticut Puritans and Pequot Indians, that ended in a slaughter/siege of a Pequot village and almost complete destruction of the Pequots. | 71 | |
| 1650914465 | King Philip's War | War between Metacom and New England, lead to many deaths. Eventually slowed English settlement expansion, but left bad defeat on the Indians and afterwards they posed very little threat. | 72 | |
| 1650914466 | English Civil War | Civil War in England during Charles I's reign between those who liked Parliament and those who were Royalists. | 73 | |
| 1650914467 | Dominion of New England | Grouping made by London, tried to defend the colonies from wars but also make them more submissive to the English government. | 74 | |
| 1650914468 | Navigation Laws | Laws that tried to make American trade almost exclusively with England and English territories. | 75 | |
| 1650914469 | Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution | When the English dethroned James II and replaced him with Protestant William and Mary. | 76 | |
| 1650914470 | Salutary Neglect | When William/Mary came into power, they rarely enforced the Navigation Laws. | 77 | |
| 1650914471 | Patroonships | Big estates on the front of the Hudson River, granted to Dutch settlers who would settle 50+ people on them. | 78 | |
| 1650914472 | Blue Laws | Pennsylvania laws that prevented things like plays, cards, dice, games, and too much fun. | 79 | |
| 1650914473 | Martin Luther | Founder of the Protestant Reformation, criticized Church and then broke from it and started his own church. | 80 | |
| 1650914474 | John Calvin | Took Luther's ideas a step further, created Calvinism. He believed in predestination. | 81 | |
| 1650914475 | William Bradford | Pilgrim who was the second governor of Plymouth. | 82 | |
| 1650914476 | John Winthrop | The first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony who served on and off for over 19 years. Religious Puritan, disliked total democracy but was willing to compromise many aspects. | 83 | |
| 1650914477 | Anne Hutchinson | A woman who believed in antinomianism, and was eventually tried for her preachings. She claimed G-d was speaking to her, and this led to her being exiled heresy. | 84 | |
| 1650914478 | Roger Williams | Disagreed with MBC about separation between church and state, and was eventually exiled. He went on to found the colony of Rhode Island. | 85 | |
| 1650914479 | Massasoit | Wampanoag chief who met with the Pilgrims at first and managed to maintain relatively peaceful relations until his death. | 86 | |
| 1650914480 | Metacom (King Philip) | Massasoit's son, who did not want English expansion, and led a war against the English. He was killed along with many others and his wife/child were enslaved, but it did slow English expansion. | 87 | |
| 1650914481 | Charles II | Son of Charles I, brought back after Oliver Cromwell. He intended to be active governing the colonies, and disliked the MBC. He eventually gave Connecticut a charter and then revoked the MBC charter. | 88 | |
| 1650914482 | Sir Edmund Andros | Governor of the Dominion of New England, he was extremely unpopular, and was eventually kicked out of office and sent back to England. | 89 | |
| 1650914483 | WIlliam III | King after Charles II, also King of the Netherlands. Was much more relaxed towards the colonies. | 90 | |
| 1650914484 | Mary II | William III's wife, daughter of of King James II. | 91 | |
| 1650914485 | Henry Hudson | English explorer who represented the Dutch and sailed into the Hudson River, giving the Dutch claim to New York. | 92 | |
| 1650914486 | Peter Stuyvesant | Director of New York colony, attacked the Swedish settlements near Delaware but was eventually defeated by the English. | 93 | |
| 1650914487 | Duke of York | Charles II's brother, who had been granted the rights to NY by Charles. Is the reason for New York's name. | 94 | |
| 1650914488 | William Penn | Quaker who was in search of religious tolerance and eventually founded Pennsylvania due to a grant of land from the king. | 95 | |
| 1651034984 | Indentured servants | People who volunteered to come work for exchange of passage to America for periods of time (generally 4-7 years) and who would eventually be granted freedom. Sort of predecessors to slaves, often treated very harshley. | 96 | |
| 1651034985 | Headright system | If you paid for a worker to the colony, you got 50 acres of land in Maryland and Virginia. | 97 | |
| 1651034986 | Bacon's Rebellion | Lots of ex-indentured servants and others who couldn't get jobs were angry with governor William Berkeley and rebelled against him, attacking Indians, and torching Jamestown. Led by Nathaniel Bacon. | 98 | |
| 1651034987 | Royal African Company | British company that originally had a monopoly (but lost it eventually) on carrying slaves to the colonies. | 99 | |
| 1651034988 | Middle Passage | The transitional period between the west coast of Africa and the east coast of America, a brutal voyage for slaves. | 100 | |
| 1651034989 | New York Slave Revolt | 1712 slave revolt, cost lives of 9 white people and execution of 21 black people. | 101 | |
| 1651034990 | South Carolina Slave Revolt | More than 50 slaves tried to march to Florida along the Stono river, but were stopped by local armies. | 102 | |
| 1651034991 | Congregational Church | Puritan churches with democratically run proceedings, which led to political democracy as well. | 103 | |
| 1651034992 | Jeremiad | Sermons that talked about the impending doom of humanity and lack of salvation. | 104 | |
| 1651034993 | Half-Way Covenant | An option to try to get more church members, where children of baptized members could be baptized but not have communion whether or not they themselves were turly "elect" | 105 | |
| 1651034994 | Salem Witch Trials | Series of trials in Salem, Mass where many girls acted "crazily" and blamed other women (generally those from economically advantaged families) of causing the crazy and making them witches. Led to many deaths and lots of paranoia. | 106 | |
| 1651034995 | Leisler's Rebellion | A rebellion caused by dislike between landholders and wannabe merchants, a 2 year bloody revolt. | 107 | |
| 1651034996 | William Berkeley | Governor of Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion, eventually sent back to England. | 108 | |
| 1651034997 | Nathaniel Bacon | A planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land who disliked Berkeley's policy towards the Indians. | 109 | |
| 1651034998 | Anthony Johnson | Black former servant who was freed and lived as a regular middle-class man for some time. | 110 | |
| 1651034999 | Paxton Boys | Scots-Irish group of marchers who were protesting the leniency of Quaker policy towards Indians | 111 | |
| 1651035000 | Regulator Movement | Scots-irish movement that did not like when the East of the state dominated the state's laws and taxes. | 112 | |
| 1651035001 | Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | 113 | |
| 1651035002 | Molasses Act | Law passed by Parliament, wanted to make sure America could only trade with the British west indies (not the French). American merchants basically just broke the law to keep trading the same way. | 114 | |
| 1651035003 | Arminianism | The belief that doing good deeds was all that needs to be done to create salvation. | 115 | |
| 1651035004 | Great Awakening | A return to more religious preaching, led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, that returned to the idea of predestination. | 116 | |
| 1651035005 | Old Lights | Orthodox clergy who disliked the theatrics of the Great Awakening. | 117 | |
| 1651035006 | New Lights | Clergy who liked how the Great Awakening brought up American religion again. | 118 | |
| 1651035007 | Poor Richard's Almanack | Benjamin Franklin's book, with many important sayings. One of the most widely printed books in the Americas for a while. | 119 | |
| 1651035008 | Zenger Trial | Led by Alexander Hamilton, Zenger printed a not-nice but true statement and was charged for libel. Hamilton persuaded the court that since it was true, it could not be libel. | 120 | |
| 1651035009 | Royal Colonies | Colonies where the governor was appointed by the King. | 121 | |
| 1651035010 | Proprietary Colonies | Colonies where a proprietor appointed the governor. | 122 | |
| 1651035011 | Michel-Guilliame Jean de Crèvecour | French-American writer who tried to get other Frenchmen to come to the Americas, talked frequently about how America was a big melting pot. | 123 | |
| 1651035012 | Jacobus Arminius | Founder of Arminianism as opposed to Calvinism. | 124 | |
| 1651035013 | Jonathan Edwards | One of the first preachers of the Great Awakening. | 125 | |
| 1651035014 | George Whitefield | A very verbally eloquent preacher of the Great Awakening, believed in predestination and lots of faith. | 126 | |
| 1651035015 | John Trumbull | American painter who was sent to England in order to keep working on his art. | 127 | |
| 1651035016 | John Singleton Copley | Another gifted painter who had to go to England in order to make his art. | 128 | |
| 1651035017 | Phillis Wheatley | An enslaved girl who had no formal education but still became a talented poet at the age of 20. | 129 | |
| 1651035018 | John Peter Zenger | The man who wrote "libelous" statements about the governor. His trial and acquittal made way for our current laws about libel. | 130 |
