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| 288816478 | Thirty-six, thirty line (1820) | -Missouri Compromise: slavery illegal in Louisiana territory north of the 36º30' N -nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. | |
| 288816467 | Popular soverignty | -before the Civil War -people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be okay there | |
| 288816468 | Wilmot Proviso (8/8/1846) | -proposed that in any territory U.S. gained from Mexico should not be slave | |
| 288816469 | Compromise of 1850 | -Henry Clay proposed -allowed California to enter the Union as a free state -divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into two territories where popular sovereignty would be used -settled land claims between Texas and New Mexico -abolished the slave trade in Washington -new Fugitive Slave Act | |
| 288816527 | Radical Republicans (1854-1877) | -Led by Thaddeus Stevens in the House and Ben Wade and Charles Sumner in the Senate -After the Civil War -group that believed the South should be harshly punished -thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards South -wanted equal rights for all U.S. citizens | |
| 288816480 | "Bleeding Kansas" or Kansas Border War (1854-1860) | -passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act -pro-slavery forces from Missouri (Border Ruffians) -go to Kansas --> terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers -Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas did some attacks -ex: John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek -antislavery forces won | |
| 288816537 | Charles Sumner | -Senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856 -returned to the Senate after the Civil War -formulator of the state suicide theory and supporter of emancipation He was an -outspoken radical Republican involved in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson | |
| 288847832 | Sumner-Brooks Affair (5/22/1856) | -Sumner denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and -he singled out Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina for extra abuse -Preston Brooks, Butler's nephew, beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him -showed rising level of hostility between the North and the South | |
| 288816483 | Pottawatomie Massacre (5/24/1856) | -killed 5 pro-slavery men -helped make the Kansas border war a national issue | |
| 288816485 | Dred Scott Decision (1857) | -Missouri slave sued for his freedom -Supreme Court: couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a person -Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional -ruling of U.S. Supreme Court that slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens | |
| 288816489 | Panic of 1857 | -depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South | |
| 288816492 | Lincoln's "House Divided" speech (June 1858) | -In acceptance speech for his nomination to the Senate -Paraphrased from Bible: "A house divided against itself cannot stand." He continued, "I do not believe this government can continue half slave and half free, I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do believe it will cease to be divided." | |
| 288816487 | Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858) | -series of seven debates in Illinois -argued important issues of the day (ex: popular sovereignty, Lecompton Constitution, Dred Scott decision) Douglas won these debates -Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election | |
| 288816488 | Freeport Doctrine (1858) | -During Lincoln-Douglas debates -Douglas said (in his Freeport Doctrine) that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will | |
| 288816482 | John Brown's Raid (1859) | -John Brown seized U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry -planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves -He was captured and executed | |
| 288816494 | Election of 1860 | -Republican - Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. -Issues were slavery in the territories | |
| 288816498 | Republican Party | -1860 platform: free soil principles, protective tariff -Supporters: anti-slavers, business, agriculture -Leaders: William M. Seward, Carl Shulz | |
| 288816473 | Abraham Lincoln (3/1861-4/1865) | - 16th president -opposed the spread of slavery -issued the Emancipation Proclamation -wanted to preserve the Union: United States was one nation -wrote the Gettysburg Address: the Civil War was to preserve the government -the President of the United States and the leader of the Union throughout the civil war -Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in 1865 | |
| 288816521 | Financing the war | -North was richer --> financed the war through loans, treasury notes, taxes and duties on imported goods -South had financial problems because they printed their Confederate notes without backing them with gold or silver | |
| 288816472 | secession | the formal withdrawing of a state from the Union | |
| 288816512 | Copperheads | -thought that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas --> "Copperheads" (venomous snakes) | |
| 288816501 | Border states | -States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri -were slave, but did not secede (stayed loyal to the north) | |
| 288816509 | Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Antietam, Appomattox | -Battle sites of the Civil War. -Gettysburg: Meade vs. Lee, three days, North won -Vicksburg: besieged by Grant, surrendered after six months -Antietam: turning point of the war, much-needed victory for Lincoln -Appomattox: Lee surrendered to Grant | |
| 288816503 | North's advantages in the Civil War | -Larger numbers of troops -superior navy -better transportation -overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage | |
| 288816502 | South's advantages in the Civil War | -Large land areas with long coasts -could afford to lose battles -could export cotton for money -fighting a defensive war -needed to keep the North out of their states to win -had nation's best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies | |
| 288816457 | Union | -Northern States during the Civil War -advantages: Larger population, railroads, factories, farms to grow food | |
| 288816508 | Grant, McClellan, Sherman, and Meade | -Union generals in the Civil War | |
| 288816584 | George Meade | -Union general who commanded the Union to victory at Gettysburg (1863) | |
| 288816476 | General William Sherman | -Union general -practiced total war on his march through Georgia: "March to the Sea" | |
| 288816458 | Confederacy (or Confederate States of America) | -11 Southern States during the Civil War -advantages: well trained soldiers, grew up riding, fought for protection of their way of life | |
| 288816586 | Jefferson Davis | -President of the Confederacy | |
| 288816474 | Robert E. Lee | -leader of the Army of Northern Virginia -opposed secession, but did not believe the union should be held together by force -Commander of the Confederate Army | |
| 288816475 | Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson | -skilled Confederate general from Virginia | |
| 288816504 | Fort Sumter (1861) | -1st engagement of the Civil War -Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter -Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control -Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort -Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, was refused -Confederate Army began bombarding the fort (4/12/1861) -fort surrendered (4/14/1861) -Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day | |
| 288816505 | Bull Run (7/21/1861) | -Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were going to besiege Richmond -Union troops fled back to Washington -Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. -1st major battle of the Civil War: both sides were ill-prepared | |
| 288816592 | Reconstruction (1863-1877) | -rebuilding the south after the civil war | |
| 288816551 | Carpetbaggers | -derogatory term for Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction -they had questionable objectives meddling in local politics (taking advantage of Southerners) | |
| 288816462 | Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) | -by Abraham Lincoln -freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam | |
| 288816516 | New York City draft riots (7/13-16/1863) | -disliked new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the war -rioted, killed at least 73 people | |
| 288816463 | Gettysburg Address (11/19/1863) | -by Abraham Lincoln -dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg | |
| 288816523 | Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan (12/1863) | -Former Confederate states go back to the Union (Amnesty) when 10% of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation -next step: states to formally elect a state government -state legislature could write a new constitution, if it abolished slavery forever -then Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government -meant to shorten the war by offering a moderate peace plan -intended to further Lincoln's emancipation (abolishment of slavery in states) | |
| 288816528 | Wade-Davis Bill (7/2/1864) | -declared Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter -an attempt to weaken the power of the president -Lincoln vetoed --> Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator (by vetoing) -required a majority of white men in a southern state swear loyalty to the Union, didn't let any former confederate hold office | |
| 288816465 | Sherman's "March to the Sea" (December 1864) | -General William T. Sherman marched Union forces from Atlanta --> Savannah, GA -destroyed everything in their path | |
| 288816575 | Total War | -strategy of general sherman that he used against the confederacy -destruction of everything (in his way) | |
| 288816539 | Freedmen's Bureau (3/3/1865-1871) | -group set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom -furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs | |
| 288816466 | Battle of Appomattox Court House (4/9/1865) | -In Virginia at Appomattox Court House -where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant --> ending the civil war | |
| 288816525 | John Wilkes Booth | -An actor -planned, with others, for six months to abduct Lincoln at the start of the war -4/14/1865: shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre -found several days later hiding in a barn -refused to come out --> barn was set on fire -Booth was shot, either by himself or a soldier | |
| 288816524 | Assassination of 4/14/1865 | -sitting in his box at Ford's Theatre -President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth | |
| 288816529 | Joint Committee on Reconstruction or Committee of Fifteen (12/13/1865) | -Six senators and nine representatives -drafted 14th Amendment and Reconstruction Acts -purpose was to set the pace of Reconstruction -Most were radical Republicans | |
| 288816456 | 13th Amendment (12/18/1865) | -banned slavery and involuntary servitude | |
| 288816538 | Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) | -Lincoln's VP, when Lincoln died, he became president - 17th president -opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto -first U.S. president to be impeached (survived the Senate removal by only one vote) | |
| 288816534 | Black codes (1866) | -Restrictions on the rights of former slaves -passed by Southern governments | |
| 288816542 | Civil Rights Act (4/9/1866) | -protect civil rights of African Americans -enacted by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson | |
| 288816530 | Reconstruction Acts (1867) | -Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto -gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South -divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district | |
| 288816546 | Tenure of Office Act (3/3/1867-1887) | -forbid the president to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president without the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress -meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office --> broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet --> impeached for this crime | |
| 288816454 | 14th Amendment (1868) | -all persons born or naturalized in the United States (including former slave) citizens -gave all citizens equal rights -fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants. | |
| 288816557 | Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) | -18th president -Military hero of the Civil War -led the most corrupt administration of the time (consisting of friends and relatives) -final commander of the Union Army -general of the Union army that defeated Lee | |
| 288816453 | 15th Amendment (1870) | -citizens could not be stopped from voting "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. -was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage | |
| 288816596 | Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) | -19th President -oversaw end of reconstruction and the start of the U.S.'s second industrial revolution |
