Review FAQ for the APUSH exam.
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| 66177351 | City Upon A Hill | : name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations | |
| 66177352 | Jamestown | 1607: First permanent English settlement in North America | |
| 66177353 | Great Awakening | Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. | |
| 66177354 | Deism | the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation | |
| 66177355 | Albany Congress | 1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it. | |
| 66177356 | Benjamin Franklin | Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. | |
| 66177357 | Stamp Act Congress | A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance. | |
| 66177358 | Indentured servitude | person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to america. | |
| 66177359 | Proclamation of 1763 | Prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachian Mountains, ostensibly to solve the Indian problems | |
| 66177360 | Northwest Ordinance | Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states | |
| 66177361 | Articles of Confederation | This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. | |
| 66177362 | Bill of Rights | a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution) | |
| 66177363 | Jeffersonian Democracy | Less radical than Jacksonian democracy, called for leadership by those with greatest ability, not common man. | |
| 66177364 | Hamilton's financial plan | The government would take the debt of the nations and the states debt, make a national bank, and tax higher (which was the only one that did not pass thru congress) | |
| 66177365 | Shays Rebellion | this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes | |
| 66177366 | XYZ Affair | incident of the late 1790s in which French secret agents demanded a bribe and a loan to France in lieu of negotiating a dispute over the Jay Treaty and other issues | |
| 66177367 | Jay's Treaty | agreement that ended the dispute with Britain over American shipping during the French Revolution. | |
| 66177368 | Judicial Review | Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison | |
| 66177369 | Louisiana Purchase | The treaty describes the United States acquisition of more than 529,911,680 acres of territory from France in 1803. This greatly increased the size, power, and wealth of the U.S. | |
| 66177370 | Hartford Convention | Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence | |
| 66177371 | Eli Whitney | an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged | |
| 66177372 | American System | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. | |
| 66177373 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | |
| 66177374 | Washington's Farewell Address | Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism. | |
| 66177375 | Nullification | The theory advanced by John Calhoun in response to the Tariff of 1828 (the Tariff of Abominations); states, acting through a popular convention, could declare a law passed by Congress "null and void"; the roots of the idea go back to Jefferson and Madison's compact theory of government and are originally spelled out in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. | |
| 66177376 | Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. | |
| 66177377 | Trail of Tears | The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | |
| 66177378 | Tariff of Abominations | Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South | |
| 66177379 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. | |
| 66177380 | William Llyod Garrison | white abolitionist who started his own paper called "The Liberator" | |
| 66177381 | Dred Scott | slave whose case led the Supreme court to declare the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional | |
| 66177382 | Popular Sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government | |
| 66177383 | Kansas Nebraska Act | created the states of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries | |
| 66177384 | Freeport Doctrine | Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so | |
| 66177385 | Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free. | |
| 66177386 | Radical Reconstruction | Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war | |
| 66177387 | Congressional Reconstruction | Divided the South into 5 military districts and stationed troops in each district | |
| 66177388 | Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river | |
| 66177389 | Knights of Labor | Labor union founded by Uriah S. Stephens in 1869, that grew out of the collapse of the National Labor Union and was replaced by AF of L after a number of botched strikes | |
| 66177390 | Dawes Act | An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism. | |
| 66177391 | Andrew Carnegie | United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919) | |
| 66177392 | Populist Party | U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies | |
| 66177393 | Spanish American War | War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. | |
| 66177394 | Open Door Policy | 1899- Hay's idea that the great powers would respect the territorial and commercial integrity of China | |
| 66177395 | WEB DuBois | 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 | |
| 66177396 | Niagra Movement | group of African Americans that called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood | |
| 66177397 | Ida Tarbell | muckraker who targeted the unfair practices of big business. Her articles about the standard oil company led to demands for tighter controls on trust. | |
| 66177398 | Ida Wells | a black journalist who wrote about segregation and lynchings in the South; her newspaper columns were printed in several papers and she became well known both in the US and in Europe | |
| 66177399 | Sussex Pledge | A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning. | |
| 66177400 | Sinclair Lewis | American novelist who attacked American society with irony- First American to win a Nobel Prize for Literature | |
| 66177401 | Fourteen Points | the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations | |
| 66177402 | Bonus March | 1932, 1000 unemployed WWI veterans marched on Washington demanding immediate payment of their bonuses which were to be given to them in 1945 | |
| 66177403 | First 100 Days | Period from FDR's inauguration in March 1933 through the following June. During this time, Roosevelt pushed program after program through Congress in an effort to provide economic relief and recovery. | |
| 66177404 | Civilian Conservation Corps | Provided jobs for young men to plant trees, build bridges and parks, and set up flood control projects | |
| 66177405 | Brown v. Board of Education | 1954- court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause; "separate but equal" has no place; reverse decision of Plessy v Feurgeson | |
| 66177406 | Plessy v. Ferguson | an 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal | |
| 66177407 | Sputnik | First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. | |
| 66177408 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. | |
| 66177409 | Greensboro Sit In | black students politely order food from restraunt, not served, sat in place for days & days, gathering supporters. | |
| 66177410 | Malcolm X | Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965. | |
| 66177411 | Gulf of Tonkin Incident | an alleged attack by N. Vietnamese Navy on US destroyers which led Pres. Johnson to order a direct bombing attack on North Vietnam | |
| 66177412 | Watergate | events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment | |
| 66177413 | Tet Offensive | 1968 South Vietnamese went into North Vietnam and took over a US embassy. Turning point of Vietnam. Was seemingly in US control until this point. Shook US confidence in military | |
| 66177414 | Camp David Accords | A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel | |
| 66177415 | John Peter Zenger | Published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies. | |
| 66177416 | Paxton Boys | A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians. | |
| 66177417 | Sons of Liberty | A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. | |
| 66177418 | Gaspée Incident | British customs ship ran around off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence. | |
| 66177419 | Olive Branch Petition | On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. | |
| 66177420 | Great Compromise | At the Constitutional Convention, larger states wanted to follow the Virginia Plan, which based each state's representation in Congress on state population. Smaller states wanted to follow the New Jersey Plan, which gave every state the same number of representatives. The convention compromised by creating the House and the Senate, and using both of the two separate plans as the method for electing members of each. | |
| 66177421 | Federalist Papers | This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. | |
| 66177422 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. | |
| 66177423 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. | |
| 66177424 | Treaty of Ghent | restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. | |
| 66177425 | Toussaint L'Ove | 1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S. | |
| 66177426 | Panic of 1819 | A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank | |
| 66177427 | Era of Good Feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. | |
| 66177428 | Chief Justice John Marshall | a Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established the judiciary as a branch of government equal to the legislative and executive | |
| 66177429 | Erie Canal | opened as a toll waterway connecting New York to the Great Lakes. Approved in 1817 with the support of New York's Governor, Dewitt Clinton. Along with the Cumberland Road, it helped connect the North and the West. | |
| 66177430 | Corrupt Bargain | The charge make by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office. | |
| 66177431 | Panic of 1837 | many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. | |
| 66177432 | Hudson River School of Art | a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones. | |
| 66177433 | Brigham Young | led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah, where they founded the Mormon republic of Deseret | |
| 66177434 | Shakers | A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist | |
| 66177435 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | 1842 - Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. The case was the first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members. | |
| 66177436 | Lucretia Mott | An early feminist, she worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the underground railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848 | |
| 66177437 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | 1831 - Supreme Court refused to hear a suit filed by the Cherokee Nation against a Georgia law abolishing tribal legislature. Court said Indians were not foreign nations, and U.S. had broad powers over tribes but a responsibility for their welfare. | |
| 66177438 | Annexation of Texas | U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office | |
| 66177439 | 54º40' or Fight! | An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan - the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54º40' latitude. Polk settled for the 49º latitude in 1846. | |
| 66177440 | Wilmot Proviso | When President Polk submitted his Appropriations Bill of 1846 requesting Congress' approval of the $2 million indemnity to be paid to Mexico under the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo, Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot attached a rider which would have barred slavery from the territory acquired. The South hated the Wilmot Proviso and a new Appropriations Bill was introduced in 1847 without the Proviso. It provoked one of the first debates on slavery at the federal level, and the principles of the Proviso became the core of the Free Soil, and later the Republican, Party. | |
| 66177441 | Lowell Factory | Francis Cabot Lowell established a factory in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts. It was the first factory in the world to manufacture cotton cloth by power machinery in a building. | |
| 66177442 | Slaughterhouse cases | A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments had been adopted solely to protect the rights of freed blacks, and could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions. | |
| 66177443 | Joseph Glidden | He marketed the first barbed wire, solving the problem of how to fence cattle in the vast open spaces of the Great Plains where lumber was scarce, thus changing the American West. | |
| 66177444 | A Century of Dishonor | Written by Helen Hunt Jackson. book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act. | |
| 66177445 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation | Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II. | |
| 66177446 | Bull Moose Party | The Progressive Party, it was Roosevelt's party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. | |
| 66177447 | Cesar Chavez | Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers. | |
| 66177448 | SALT II | Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty. | |
| 66177449 | Supply side economics | Reaganomics policy based on the theory that allowing companies the opportunity to make profits, and encouraging investment, will stimulate the economy and lead to higher standards of living for everyone. Argued that tax cuts can be used stimulate economic growth. Move money into the hands of the people and they will invest, thus creating prosperity. | |
| 66177450 | Kerner Commission on Civil Disorders | In 1968, this commission, chaired by Otto Kerner, decided that the race riots were due to the formation of two different American cultures: inner-city Blacks and suburban Whites. |
