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| 167000451 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. | 1 | |
| 167000452 | Washington's Farewell Address | He warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances | 2 | |
| 167000453 | Election of 1796: President Adams, Vice-president Jefferson | first true election (when Washington ran, there was never any question that he would be elected). Adams was a Federalist, but Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican. | 3 | |
| 167000454 | New states: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee | After the western land claims were settled, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee (in that order) were added to the United States under the Constitution. | 4 | |
| 167000455 | Federalists and Democratic-Republicans | The first two political parties. Many of the Democratic-Republicans had earlier been members of the Antifederalists, which had never organized into a formal political party. | 5 | |
| 167000456 | Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Party leaders and supporters | The leading Federalists were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. The leading Democratic- Republicans were Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. | 6 | |
| 167000457 | Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Programs | Federalist programs were the National Bank and taxes to support the growth of industry. The Democratic-Republicans opposed these programs, favoring state banks and little industry. | 7 | |
| 167000458 | Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Philosophies | Federalists believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution. Democratic-Republicans believed in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution. | 8 | |
| 167000459 | Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Foreign proclivities | Federalists supported Britain, while the Democratic-Republicans felt that France was the U.S.'s most important ally. | 9 | |
| 167000460 | Society of the Cincinnati | secret society formed by officers of the Continental Army. The group was named for George Washington, whose nickname was Cincinnatus, although Washington himself had no involvement in the society. | 10 | |
| 167000461 | Democratic societies | Clubs which met for discussion, designed to keep alive the philosophies of the American Revolution. They were sometimes called Jacobean clubs because they also supported the French Revolution. | 11 | |
| 167000462 | Alien and Sedition Acts | These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: | 12 | |
| 167000463 | Naturalization Act | which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants | 13 | |
| 167000464 | Alien Act | which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants | 14 | |
| 167000465 | Alien Enemy Act | allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants | 15 | |
| 167000466 | Sedition Act | made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition | 16 | |
| 167000467 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. | 17 | |
| 167000468 | Doctrine of Nullification | Expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it said that states could nullify federal laws. | 18 | |
| 167000469 | Election of 1800, tie, Jefferson and Burr | The two Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist John Adams, but tied with each other. The final decision went the House of Representatives, where there was another tie. After a long series of ties in the House, Jefferson was finally chosen as president. Burr became vice-president. This led to the 12th Amendment, which requires the president and vice-president of the same party to run on the same ticket. | 19 | |
| 167000470 | Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution." | 20 | |
| 167000471 | Jefferson's Inaugural Address | Declared that he would avoid foreign alliances. | 21 | |
| 167000472 | 12th Amendment | Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president. | 22 | |
| 167000473 | Second Great Awakening | series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | 23 | |
| 167000474 | Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) | American painter, most famous for painting the portrait of Washington which was copied for the one dollar bill. | 24 | |
| 167000475 | French Alliance of 1778 | France aided the U.S. in the American Revolution, and the U.S. agreed to aid France if the need ever arose. Although France could have used American aid during the French Revolution, the U.S. didn't do anything to help. The U.S. didn't fulfill their part of the agreement until World War I. | 25 | |
| 167000476 | French Revolution | The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790s, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The U.S. did nothing to aid either side. The French people overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799. | 26 | |
| 167000477 | Citizen Genêt | Edmond Charles Genêt. A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. President Washington asked France to recall Genêt after Genêt began recruiting men and arming ships in U.S. ports. However, Washington later relented and allowed Genêt U.S. citizenship upon learning that the new French government planned to arrest Genêt. | 27 | |
| 167000478 | Neutrality Proclamation | Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. | 28 | |
| 167000479 | XYZ Affair, Talleyrand | 1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. | 29 | |
| 167000480 | Undeclared naval war with France | Late 1790s - Beginning in 1794, the French had began seizing American vessels in retaliation for Jay's Treaty, so Congress responded by ordering the navy to attack any French ships on the American coast. The conflict became especially violent after the X,Y, Z Affair. A peace convention in 1800 with the newly installed dictator, Napoleon, ended the conflict. | 30 | |
| 167000481 | Convention of 1800 | A conference between the U.S. and France which ended the naval hostilities. | 31 | |
| 167000482 | British seizure of American ships | France blocked English ports during the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s; England responded by blocking French ports. The British seized neutral American merchant ships which tried to trade at French ports. | 32 | |
| 167000483 | Rule of 1756" | British proclamation that said that neutral countries could not trade with both of two warring nations; they had to chose sides and only trade with one of the nations. This justified Britain's seizure of neutral American ships during the war between Britain and France in the early 1800s. | 33 | |
| 167000484 | Northwest posts | British fur-trading posts in the Northwest territory. Their presence in the U.S. led to continued British-American conflicts. | 34 | |
| 167000485 | Jay's Treaty | 1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals. | 35 | |
| 167000486 | Washington's Farewell Address | warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances. | 36 | |
| 167000487 | Pickney's Treaty | 1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans. | 37 | |
| 167000488 | Spanish intrigue in the Southwest | During the late 1700s/early 1800s Spain was exploring and settling the region which is now the Southwest U.S. The Spanish used the Indians of Florida and Georgia as spies and encouraged the tribes to raid U.S. settlements, which contributed to the outbreak of the War of 1812 . Zebulon Pike used his expedition to the West as an opportunity to spy on the Spanish and map out their land. | 38 | |
| 167000489 | James Wilkinson (1759-1825) | Wilkinson had been an officer in the Continental Army, and later held several positions relating to the Army, such as secretary of the board of war and clothier general to the army. He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed Pres. Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial, even though Wilkinson was himself implicated in the plot. | 39 | |
| 167000490 | Mad" Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers | Wayne had been one of the leading generals of the Continental Army, and had played a crucial role in the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown. In the early 1790's, the British held trading posts in the Ohio Valley and encouraged the local Indian tribes to attack the Americans. Led by Wayne, the Americans defeated the Miami Indians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794 near what is today Toledo, Ohio. This paved the way for American settlement of the Ohio Valley. | 40 | |
| 167000491 | Treaty of Greenville, 1795 | Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000. | 41 | |
| 167000492 | Barbary pirates | The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute. | 42 | |
| 167000493 | Rutgers v. Waddington, 1784 | In 1783, the New York State Legislature passed the Trespass Act, which allowed land owners whose property had been occupied by the British during the Revolution to sue for damages. Rutgers sued in the Mayor's Court over the seizure of her brewery, and the Mayor, James Duane, declared the Act void because it conflicted with a provision of the Treaty of Paris. It was the first time a U.S. court had declared a law unconstitutional, and was an important precedent for the later U.S. Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison. | 43 | |
| 167000494 | Trevett v. Weeden, 1786-1787 | Occurred under the Articles of Confederation, when each state had a different type of currency. Acts passed by the Rhode Island Legislature imposed heavy fines on those who refused to accept the state's depreciated currency at face value. Weeden was acquitted on the grounds that the acts were unconstitutional. | 44 | |
| 167000495 | Bayard v. Singleton | 1787 - First court decision in which a law was found unconstitutional based on a written constitution | 45 | |
| 167000496 | Supreme Court: Chisholm v. Georgia | The heirs of Alexander Chisholm (a citizen of South Carolina) sued the state of Georgia. The Supreme Court upheld the right of citizens of one state to sue another state, and decided against Georgia | 46 | |
| 167000497 | Supreme Court: Ware v. Hylton, 1796 | treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain required that all debts owed by the U.S. to Britain had to be paid in full. However, a Virginia statute said that American debts to Britain could be paid in depreciated currency. The Supreme Court upheld the treaty, proving that federal laws take precedence over state laws. | 47 | |
| 167000498 | War of 1812 (1812-1814) | A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain. The War Hawks argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry. | 48 | |
| 167000499 | Clay's American System | Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank. | 49 | |
| 167000500 | Bank war: its enemies and defenders | During Jackson's presidency, this was a struggle between those who wanted to keep the national bank in operation and those who wanted to abolish it. Jackson and states' rights advocates opposed the national bank, which they felt imposed discriminatory credit restrictions on local banks, making it more difficult for farmers and small businessmen to obtain loans. The bank was defended by Nicholas Biddle and Henry Clay, the National Republicans, the wealthy, and larger merchants, who felt that local banks credit policies were irresponsible and would lead to a depression | 50 | |
| 167000501 | Bank war: Veto message by Andrew Jackson | 1832 - President Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the national bank. | 51 | |
| 167000502 | Bank war: laws from 1800 to 1865 on banking | These laws moved away from favoring the national bank towards favoring state banks. | 52 | |
| 167000503 | Changes in federal land laws and policies | The Land Acts of 1800 and 1820, and the Preemptive Acts of the 1830s and 1840s lowered the price of land and made it easier for prospective settlers to acquire it. This encouraged people to move west. | 53 | |
| 167000504 | Changes and improvements in transportation and its effect | These included canals in the Great Lakes region, toll roads, steamboats, and clipper ships. The result was faster trade and easier access to the western frontier. It aided the growth of the nation. | 54 | |
| 167000505 | President Jefferson | He believed in a less aristocratic presidency. He wanted to reduce federal spending and government interference in everyday life. He was a Democratic-Republican (originally an Anti- Federalist), so he believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution. | 55 |
