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| 46120285 | Separatists | English Protestants wh owould not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers | |
| 46120286 | Anne Hutchinson | American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643) | |
| 46120287 | John Winthrop | 1588-1649 First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. | |
| 46120288 | Roger WIlliams | He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. | |
| 46120289 | Kansas Nebraska Act | This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare. | |
| 46120290 | Bleeding Kansas | Missouri border ruffians crossed into the Kansas to vote against slavery; severely divided the fledgling state | |
| 46120291 | Mayflower Compact | this document established the first bases in the new world for written rights | |
| 46120292 | Halfway Covenant | A Puritan church document; In 1662, this allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. | |
| 46120293 | Mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests | |
| 46120294 | Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. | |
| 46120295 | Bacon's rebellion | an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley. | |
| 46120296 | WIlliam Penn | Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718) | |
| 46120297 | Holy Experiment | William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all. | |
| 46120298 | Quakers | English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania | |
| 46120299 | Columbian Exchange | the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa | |
| 46120300 | Black Legend | Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good | |
| 46120301 | Pueblo Revolt | 1680, revolt of indigenous laborers led by shaman named Pope'. killed colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for 12 years | |
| 46120303 | Indentured Servants | colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years | |
| 46120304 | Proprietary Colony | a colony given to a proprietor to govern (in 17th century) | |
| 46120305 | Joint-Stock Company | an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business | |
| 46120306 | Puritans | Members of the Church of England who settled in North America to follow Christian beliefs in a more "pure" way. | |
| 46120307 | Pilgrims | The colonists from England who sailed to America on the Mayflower and founded the colony of Plymouth in New England in 1620 | |
| 46120308 | Redemptioners | Europeans who came to America hoping friends or relatives would pay their way through (typically German) | |
| 46120309 | Olaudah Equiano | After gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography | |
| 46120310 | Stono Rebellion | The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go. | |
| 46120311 | Liberalism | Going off of John Locke's ideas of a social contract between the government and the people, liberalism strongly emphasized that each man is an individual and stressed the importance of individual freedom. | |
| 46120312 | John Locke | English empiricist philosopher who believed in a social contract between the government and the people | |
| 46120313 | Republicanism | A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed. | |
| 46120314 | Joseph Smith | religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844) | |
| 46120315 | Mormon | Founded by Joseph Smith, who claimed he was visited by God: 1830 he published a document called "The Book of Mormon." He said it was a translation of a set of gold tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God. | |
| 46120316 | Mexican American War | after Mexican refusal to sell California-New Mexico region, Polk sent troops and it ended with Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | |
| 46120317 | Wilmot Proviso | Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846) | |
| 46120318 | Free Soilers | northern political party, demanded to end slavery, urged congress to give western settlers free homesteads. | |
| 46120319 | Compromise of 1850 | Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession | |
| 46120320 | Know Nothings | secret anti-Irish fraternal organization, so called because it's members, when asked about their group's activities, would answer 'I know nothing.' | |
| 46120321 | Dred Scott Decision | The decision about a Missouri slave suing for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen. | |
| 46120322 | John Brown | abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) | |
| 46120323 | Election of 1860 | Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union. | |
| 46120324 | Marbury v. Madison | Congress repealed the Judiciary Act, and when James Madison refused to deliver a commission to William Marbury, one of the appointees, sued. This case went to the Supreme Court. The court's opinion stated that Marbury deserved his commission, but the Court had no jurisdiction. This case answered the question regarding who had the authority to determine the meaning of the Constitution. | |
| 46120325 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States; was the president during the Civil War | |
| 46120326 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | Issued by Madison, intended to stop Britain and France from attacking American ships during the Napoleonic Wars | |
| 46120328 | Federalist Party | 1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans. | |
| 46120329 | Anti-Federalists | opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states | |
| 46120330 | Samuel Slater | He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. Made the first cotton spinning machine. | |
| 46120331 | Lowell System | dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills | |
| 46120332 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | Supreme Court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike against companies | |
| 46120333 | Transcendentalism | a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience. | |
| 46120334 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. | |
| 46120335 | Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | |
| 46120336 | Great Awakening | Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. | |
| 46120337 | Manifest Destiny | This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. | |
| 46120338 | Peculiar Institution | A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War. | |
| 46120339 | McCulloch v. Maryland | Maryland tried to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law | |
| 46120340 | Missouri Compromise | The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. | |
| 46120341 | American System | an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. | |
| 46120342 | Dorr War | After a new constitution for Rhode Island was composed that favored white people (after residents became upset at the land requirements of citizenship), President Tyler sent an armed force to disband them. | |
| 46120343 | Panic of 1819 | Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. | |
| 46120344 | Tariff | a government tax on imports or exports | |
| 46120345 | Tariff of 1832 | a tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act | |
| 46120346 | Fugitive Slave Act | Law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them | |
| 46120347 | Bank War | Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks" | |
| 46120348 | Panic of 1837 | When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | |
| 46120349 | Trail of Tears | The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | |
| 46120350 | Jamestown | First permanent colony for the British, original settlers suffered from disease, economy stabled after tobacco was cultivated; this colony was burnt to the ground twice (mostly men) | |
| 46120351 | Frederick Douglass | United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895) | |
| 46120352 | Nat Turner | United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia | |
| 46120353 | George Fitzhugh | A social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the Negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. He went as far as to say that black slaves were in a much better situation than poor, freed blacks | |
| 46120354 | Albany Plan of Union | plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown | |
| 46120355 | American Enlightenment | Influenced by the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, this event emphasized the power of reason gained and applied it to human nature and society. The new intellectual culture in the Colonies stressed the importance of humanism and reason, removing the power of Church and placing more power in the hands of the individual, a mark of the modern age. | |
| 46120356 | George Whitefield | Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights." | |
| 46120357 | Pontiac's Rebellion | a 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area | |
| 46120358 | Seven Years' War | Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land | |
| 46120359 | Salutary Neglect | Idea that the colonies benefited by being left alone, without too much British interference | |
| 46120360 | Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | |
| 46120784 | Triangle Trade | the trading system between the Americas, England and Africa; Africa would give slaves and rum to the Americas, including the West Indies; America would offer timber, tobacco, fish, and flour; England would mainly process and ship back | |
| 46120785 | Declaratory Act | Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. | |
| 46120786 | Stamp Act | an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents | |
| 46120787 | Articles of Confederation | this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage | |
| 46120788 | Northwest Ordinance | Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states | |
| 46120789 | Alexander Hamilton | 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. | |
| 46120790 | John C. Calhoun | (1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. | |
| 46120791 | Henry Clay | Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state | |
| 46120792 | Alien and Sedition Acts | Acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government | |
| 46120793 | XYZ Affair | An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand. | |
| 46120794 | Hartford Convention | Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence | |
| 46120795 | War of 1812 | Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (1812 - 1815) | |
| 46120796 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | |
| 46120797 | Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. | |
| 46120798 | Whig Party | An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements | |
| 46120799 | Nullification Crisis | Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void. (1832) | |
| 46120800 | William Lloyd Garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. | |
| 46120801 | The Alamo | Spanish Catholic mission that was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William B. Travis Their purpose was to delay Santa Anna's army until Sam Houston arrived Travis sent a plea for reinforcement | |
| 46120802 | Oneida | The Perfectionist Utopian movement began in New York. People lived in a commune and shared everything, even marriages. Today, the town is known for manufacturing silverware. | |
| 46120803 | Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War | |
| 46121031 | Robert E. Lee | Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force | |
| 46121032 | Ulysses S. Grant | an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. | |
| 46121033 | William Tecumseh Sherman | United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West he captured Atlanta and led a destructive march to the sea that cut the Confederacy in two (1820-1891) | |
| 46121139 | Bill of Rights | A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions. | |
| 46121140 | Headright System | The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land | |
| 46121141 | Era of Good Feelings | a newspaper term used to describe the two terms of President James Monroe. during this period, ther was only one major political party, the democratic-republicans; it was therefore assumed that political discord had evaporated. | |
| 46121142 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. | |
| 46121143 | Shay's Rebellion | this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes | |
| 46121144 | Harper's Ferry | John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged | |
| 46121145 | Popular Sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government | |
| 46121146 | Anaconda Plan | the Union (Northern) plan devised by General Winfield Scott to blockade the south and restrict its trade to win the war. | |
| 46121147 | Battle of Antietam | Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties | |
| 46121148 | Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson | General in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863) | |
| 46121157 | Battle of Gettysburg | Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North. | |
| 46121204 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | An anti-slavery book which alarmed previously unconcerned Northerners about slavery. (1852) | |
| 46207161 | Townshend Acts | Laws passed by Parliament in 1767 that set taxes on imports to the colonies | |
| 46227943 | Coercive Act | a law passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party which called for the blocking of the Boston Harbor until the lost tea was repaid by the colonists | |
| 46227984 | Tea Act | Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party | |
| 46227985 | Boston Tea Party | demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor | |
| 46227986 | Sugar Act | (1764) British deeply in debt partly due to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. | |
| 46228504 | Second Continental Congress | They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence | |
| 46228505 | Common Sense | A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation | |
| 46228506 | Democratic Republicans | Led by Thomas Jefferson (and Madison), believed people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank | |
| 46228507 | Monroe Doctrine | An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers (after Spanish colonies declared independence) | |
| 46228508 | Cult of Domesticity | The ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house | |
| 46228509 | Border States | States that lied between North and South. Their choice of sides would greatly help the war effort due to population and manufacturing. It also made diplomacy trickier. Slavery was not abolished in these states, although they were parts of the Union | |
| 46228510 | 10% Plan | This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction. | |
| 46228511 | Klu Klux Klan | A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremecy in the South after the Civil War. | |
| 46228512 | Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise: 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river | |
| 46228513 | Powhatan Confederacy | The organization of Powhatan Tribes led by Chief Powhatan. Jamestown colonists traded with these natives. | |
| 46228514 | City on a Hill | What John Winthrop said that the Puritan model societies, based on Christian principles, should be (an example to the world) | |
| 46228515 | Pequot War | The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed. | |
| 46228516 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William | |
| 46228517 | King Philip's War | A conflict between New England colonists and Native American Groups allied under leadership Wampanoag cheif Metacom | |
| 46228518 | Salem Witch Trials | 1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress | |
| 46228519 | Jonathan Edwards | American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) | |
| 46228520 | Revere Bowl | EXTRA CREDIT: A gift from the Sons of Liberty given to the House of Representatives after they refused to rescind a letter criticizing King George |
