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APUSH Important PEOPLE - Chapter 1-22 Flashcards

From chapter packets 1-22

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793615045Ferdinand and IsabellaFinanciers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages to the New World (2 People)
793615046Cortes and PizarroSpanish conquerors of great Indian civilizations (2 People)
793615047Dias and De GamaPortuguese navigators who sailed around the African coast (2 People)
793615048ColumbusItalian-born explorer who thought that he had arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on unknown continents
793615049MalincheFemale Indian slave who served as interpreter for Cortes
793615050MontezumaPowerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors
793615051HiawathaLegendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederacy
793615052John CabotItalian-born navigator sent by English to explore North American coast in 1498
793615053Junipero SerraSpanish missionary who founded Franciscan missions in California (1713-1784)
793615054PowhatanIndian leader who ruled tribes in the James River area of Virginia
793615055Raleigh and GilbertElizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies (2 People)
793615056Smith and RolfeVirginia leader "saved" by Pocahontas and the prominent settler who married her (2 People)
793615057Lord de la WarrHarsh military governor of Virginia who employed "Irish tactics" against the Indians
793615058Lord BaltimoreThe Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers
793615059James OglethorpePhilanthropic soldier-statesman who founded the Georgia colony
793615060Elizabeth IThe unmarried ruler who established English Protestantism and fought the Catholic Spanish
793615061Martin LutherGerman Monk who began the Protestant Reformation
793615062John CalvinReformer whose religious ideas inspired English Puritans, Scotch Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and Dutch Reformed
793615063MassasoitWampanoag chieftain who befriended English colonists
793615064John WinthropPromoter of Massachusetts Bay as a holy "City upon a hill"
793615065Anne HutchisonReligious dissenter convicted of the heresy of antinomianism
793615066Roger WilliamsRadical founder of the most tolerant New England colony (Which was Rhode Island)
793615067King PhilipIndian leader who waged an unsuccessful war against New England's white colonists
793615068Peter StuyvesantConqueror of New Sweden who later lost New Netherland to the English
793615069William PennFounder of the most tolerant and democratic of the middle colonies (Which was Pennsylvania)
793615070Nathaniel BaconAgitator who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersmen on a rampage against Indian and colonial government
793615071Governer BerkeleyColonial Virginia official who crushed Bacon's rebels and wreaked cruel revenge
793615072Nathaniel HawthorneAuthor of a novel about the early New England practice of requiring adulterers to wear the letter "A" (The Scarlet Letter)
793615073Paxton Boys and RegulatorsScots-Irish frontiersmen who protested against colonial elites of Pennsylvania and North Carolina ( 2 GROUPS of people)
793615074Patrick HenryEloquent lawyer-orator who argued in defense of colonial rights ("Give me liberty or give me death!"). He was an anti-federalist who thought the constitution spelled the end of liberty and equality.
793615075Jonathan EdwardsBrilliant New England theologian who instigated the Great Awakening (And wrote "Sinners in the hands of an angry God")
793615076George WhitefieldItinerant British evangelist who spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies
793615077Philis WheatleyFormer African-American slave who became a poet at an early age
793615078Benjamin FranklinAuthor, scientist, printer; "The first civilized American". Also, he promoted the "Great Compromise" at the Constitutional Convention.
793615079John Peter ZengerColonial printer whose case helped begin freedom of the press
793615080John Singleton CopleyLoyalist colonial painter who studied and worked in Britain (painted portraits of Paul Revere, John Hancock)
793615081King Louis XIVAbsolute French monarch who reigned for seventy-two years.
793615082Samuel de ChamplainThe Father of New France, who established a crucial alliance with the Huron Indians
793615083Robert de la SalleFrench empire builder who explored the Mississippi Basin and named it after his monarch
793615084George WashingtonFrom ch.8: A wealthy Virginian of great character and leadership abilities who served his country as president without pay. From ch. 6: a militia commander whose frontier skirmish touched off a World War
793615085General BraddockBlundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early stages of their war
793615086William PittSplendid British political orator and organizer of the winning strategy against the French in the North America.
793615087PontiacIndian leader whose frontier uprising caused the British to attempt to limit colonial expansion
793615088John HancockWealthy president of the Continental Congress and "King of the Smugglers"
793615089George GrenvilleBritish minister who raised a storm of protest by passing the Stamp Act
793615090"Champagne Charley" TownshendMinister whose clever attempt to impose import taxes (Townshend Acts) nearly succeeded but eventually brewed trouble for Britain.
793615091Crispus AttucksAlleged leader of radical protesters killed in Boston Massacre
793615092George IIIStubborn English ruler, lustful for power, who promoted harsh ministers like Lord North
793615093Samuel AdamsZealous defender of the common people's rights and organizer of underground propaganda committees (Sons of Liberty/ Committee of Correspondence)
793615094Thomas HutchinsonBritish governor of Massachusetts whose stubborn policies helped provoke the Boston Tea Party
793615095Marquis de LafayetteNineteen-year-old major general in the Revolutionary army
793615096Baron von SteubenOrganizational genius who turned raw colonial recruits into tough professional soldiers
793615097Benedict ArnoldBrilliant American general who invaded Canada, foiled Burgoyne's invasion, and then betrayed his country in 1780
793615098Thomas PaineA radical british immigrant who put an end to American toasts to King George (By writing Common Sense and The Rights of Man)
793615099Richard Henry LeeFiery Virginian and author of the official resolution of July 2, 1776, formally authorizing the colonies' independence
793615100Thomas JeffersonAuthor of an explanatory indictment, signed on July 4, 1776, that accused George III of establishing a military dicatorship. He was also Washington's Secretary of State and the organizer of a political party opposed to Hamilton's policies.
793615101General BurgoyneBlundering British general whose slow progress south from Canada ended in disaster at Saratoga
793615102General HoweBritish general who chose to enjoy himself in New York & Philadelphia rather than vigorously pursue the American enemy
793615103George Rogers ClarkLeader whose small force conquered key British forts in the West
793615104John Paul JonesAmerican naval commander who successfully harassed British shipping
793615105Joseph BrantMohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries
793615106Daniel Shays (Shays' Rebellion)Revolutionary War veteran who led poor farmers in a revolt that failed but had far-reaching consequences
793615107James MadisonFather of the Constitution and author of "Federalist No.10". He drafted the Bill of Rights and moved it through the 1st Congress
793615108Alexander HamiltonFirst Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
793615109John JayFrustrated foreign affairs secretary under the Articles of Confederation; one of three authors of "The Federalist"
793615110Albert GallatinSwiss-born treasury secretary who disliked national debt but kept most Hamiltonian economic measures in effect
793615111John MarshallFederalist Supreme Court justice whose brilliant legal efforts established the principle of judicial review
793615112Samuel ChaseFederalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate
793615113Pasha of TripoliNorth African leader who fought an undeclared war with the United States from 1801 to 1805
793615114Napolean BonaparteFrench ruler who acquired Louisiana from Spain only to sell it to the United States
793615115Robert LivingstonAmerican minister to Paris who joined James Monroe in making a magnificent real estate deal (He negotiated the Louisiana Purchase)
793615116Toussaint L'OuvertureGifted black revolutionary whose successful slave revolution (Haitian Revolution) indirectly led to Napolean's sale of Louisiana
793615117William ClarkYoung army officer who joined Jefferson's personal secretary (Meriwether Lewis) in exploring the Louisiana Purchase and Oregon country
793615118Aaron BurrFormer vice-president, killer of Alexander Hamilton, and plotter of mysterious secessionist schemes
793615119Tecumseh (Tecumseh's Confederacy)Shawnee leader who organized a major Indian confederation against U.S. expansion
793615120William HenryMilitary leader who defeated Tecumseh's brother, "the Prophet," at the Battle of Tippecanoe
793615121Stephen DecaturAmerican naval hero of the war 1812 who said, "..our country, right or wrong!"
793615122Henry ClayEloquent Kentucky spokesman for the "American System" and key architect of the Missouri Compromise in the U.S. Senate
793615123James MonroePresident whose personal popularity contributed to the Era of Good Feelings
793615124Andrew JacksonMilitary commander who exceeded his government's instructions during an invasion of Spanish Territory (Florida). (Later becomes 7th president of the United States)
793615125Daniel WebsterThe leading voice promoting nationalism and greater federal power in the United States Senate during the 1820s. A Whig leader who negotiated an end to the Maine boundary dispute in 1842
793615126Tsar Alexander IRussian ruler whose mediation proposal led to negotiations ending the War of 1812
793615127John C CalhounFormer vice president, leader of South Carolina nullifiers, and bitter enemy of Andrew Jackson
793615128Nicholas BiddleTalented but high-handed bank president who fought a bitter losing battle with the president of the United States
793615129John Quincy AdamsAloof New England statesman whose elitism made him an unpopular president in the new era of mass democracy
793615130David CrocketA frontier hero, Tennessee Congressman, and teller of tall tales who died in the Texas War for Independence
793615131Stephen AustinOriginal leader of american settlers in Texas who obtained a huge land grant from the Mexican government
793615132Sam HoustonFormer Tennessee governor whose victory at San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its independence
793615133OsceolaSeminole leader whose warriors killed fifteen hundred American soldiers in years of guerrilla warfare
793615134Santa AnnaMexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat the Texans
793615135Martin Van BurenThe "wizard of Albany", whose economically troubled presidency was served in the shadow of Jackson
793615136Black HawkIllinois-Wisconsin area Sauk leader who was defeated by American regulars and militia in 1832
793615137William Henry Harrison"Old Tippecanoe," who was portrayed by Whig propagandists as a hard-drinking common man on the frontier
793615138Samuel SlaterImmigrant mechanic who initiated American industrialization by setting up his cotton-spinning factory in 1791
793615139Eli WhitneyYankee mechanical genius who revolutionized cotton production (with his invention of the cotton gin) and created the system of interchangeable parts
793615140Elias HoweInventor of a machine (sewing machine) that revolutionized the ready-made clothing industry
793615141Samuel F.B. Morse (Morse Code)Painter turned inventior who developed the first reliable system for instant communication across distance
793615142Cyrus McCormickInventor of the mechanical reaper that transformed grain growing into a business
793615143Robert FultonDeveloper of a "folly" that made rivers two way streams of transportation (The steamboat)
793615144Cyrus FieldWealthy New York manufacturer who laid the first temporary transatlantic cable in 1858
793615145DeWitt ClintonNew York governor who built the Erie Canal
793615146Dorothea DixQuietly Determined reformer who substantially improved conditions for the mentally ill
793615147Brigham YoungThe "Mormon Moses" who led persecuted Latter-Day Saints to their promised land in Utah
793615148Elizabeth Cady StantonLeading feminist who wrote the "Declaration of Sentiments" in 1848 and pushed for women's suffrage
793615149Lucretia MottQuaker women's rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery
793615150Emily DickinsonReclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality
793615151Charles G. FinneyInfluential evangelical revivalist of the Second Great Awakening
793615152Robert OwenIdealistic Scottish industrialist whose attempt at a communal utopia in America failed
793615153John Humphrey NoyesLeader of a radical New York commune that practiced "complex marriage" and eugenic birth control
793615154Mary LyonPioneering women's educator, founder of Mount Holyoke Seminary in Massachusetts
793615155Louisa May AlcottNovelist whose tales of family life (and her book "Little Women") helped economically support her own struggling transcendentalist family
793615156James Fenimore CooperPath-breaking American novelist who contrasted the natural person of the forest with the values of modern civilization (He wrote "The last of the Mohicans")
793615157Ralph Waldo EmersonSecond-rate poet and philosopher, but first-rate promoter of transcendentalist ideals and American culture
793615158Walt WhitmanBold, unconventional poet who celebrated American democracy (O Captain, My Captain; Leaves of Grass)
793615159Edgar Allen PoeEccentric southern-born genius whose tales of mystery, suffering, and the supernatural departed from general American literary trends
793615160Herman MelvilleNew York writer whose romantic sea tales were more popular than his dark literary masterpiece. (He wrote "Moby Dick")
793615161Sir Walter ScottEnglish novelist whose romantic medievalism encouraged the semi-feudal ideas of the southern planters aristocracy
793615162Harriet Beecher StoweAuthor of an abolitionist novel ("Uncle Tom's Cabin") that portrayed the separation of slave families by auction. "The little woman who wrote the book that made this great war"
793615163Nat TurnerVisionary black preacher whose bloody slave rebellion in 1831 tightened the reins of slavery in the South
793615164Theodore Dwight WeldLeader of the "Lane Rebels" who wrote the powerful antislavery work American Slavery As It Is
793615165Lewis TappanWealthy New York abolitionist merchant whose home was demolished by a mob in 1834
793615166William Lloyd GarrisonLeading radical abolitionist who burned the Constitution as a "covenatnt with death and an agreement with hell" and was editor of the newspaper, "The Liberator"
793615167David WalkerBlack abolitionist writer who called for a bloody end to slavery in the appeal of 1829
793615168Sojourner TruthNew York free black woman who fought for emancipation and woman's rights
793615169Martin DelanyBlack abolitionist who visited West Africa in 1859 to examine sites where African Americans might relocate
793615170Frederick DouglassEscaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action
793615171Elijah LovejoyIllinois editor whose death at the hands of a mob made him an abolitionist martyr
793615172John TylerLeader elected vice president on the Whig ticket who spent most of his presidency in bitter feuds with his fellow Whigs
793615173James K. PolkDark-horse presidential winner in 1844 who effectively carried out ambitious expansionist campaign plans (Texas and Oregon Country)
793615174John C. FremontDashing explorer/adventurer who led the overthrow of Mexican rule in California after war broke out
793615175Abraham LincolnCongressional author of the "spot resolutions" criticizing the Mexican War. Also, author of the moderate "10 percent" reconstruction plan that ran into congressional opposition
793615176Zachary TaylorAmerican military hero who invaded northern Mexico from Texas in 1846-1847. Also becomes a Whig president who nearly destroyed the Compromise of 1850 before he died in office.
793615177Winfield Scott"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War
793615178Nicholas TristLong-winded American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
793615179David Wilmot (Wilmot Proviso)Congressional author of resolution forbidding slavery in territory acquired from Mexico (thought it did NOT pass)
793615180Lewis CassDemocratic presedential candidate in 1848, original proponet of the idea of "popular sovereignty"
793615181Caleb CushingAmerican diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia with China in 1844
793615182Harriet TubmanFamous conductor on the Underground Railroad who rescued more than 300 slaves from bondage
793615183William SewardNew York senator who argued that the expansion of slavery was forbidden by a higher law. Also, arranged an initially unpopular but valuable land deal in 1867 (Alaska)
793615184Franklin PierceWeak Democratic president whose pro-southern cabinet pushed aggressive expansionist schemes
793615185Winfield ScottMilitary hero of the Mexican War who became the Whigs' last presidential candidate in 1852
793615186Matthew PerryAmerican naval commander who opened Japan to the West in 1854
793615187Stephen A. DouglasIllinois politician who helped smooth over sectional conflict in 1850 (Compromise of 1850) but then reignited it in 1854 (Kansas-Nebraska Act)
793615188Hinton R. HelperSouthern-born author whose book attacking slavery's effects on whites aroused northern opinion ("The Impending Crisis of the South")
793615189John BrownFanatical and bloody-minded abolitionist martyr admired in the north and hated in the south
793615190James BuchananWeak democratic president whose manipulation by proslavery forces divided his own party
793615191Charles SumnerAbolitionist senator whose verbal attack on the south provoked a physical assault that severely injured him
793615192Preston BrooksSouthern congressman whose bloody attack on a northern senator (Charles Sumner) fueled sectional hatred
793615193John C. FremontRomantic western hero and the first republican candidate for president
793615194Dred ScottBlack slave whose unsuccessful attempt to win his freedom deepened the sectional controversy
793615195Jefferson DavisFormer Unites States senator who in 1861 became the president of what called itself a new nation (the confederacy)
793615196Oliver O HowardPro-black general who led an agency that tried to assist the freedmen (the "Freedmen's Bureau)
793615197Andrew JohnsonBorn a poor white southerner, he became the white south's champion against radical reconstruction after Lincoln was assassinated
793615198Thadeus StevensLeader of the radical Republicans in the House of Representatives
793615199Benjamin WadeThe president pro tempore of the senate who hoped to become president of the US after Johnson's impeachment conviction
793615200George McClellanUnion general who repudiated his party's Copperhead platform and polled 45 percent of the popular vote in 1864
793615201Robert E. LeeGentlemanly top commander of the confederate army
793615202"Stonewall" JacksonDaring southern commander killed at the battle of Chancellorsville
793615203George PickettSouthern officer whose failed charge at Gettysburg marked "the high water mark of confederacy"
793615204Ulysses S. GrantUnion commander who first made his mark with victories in the west
793615205William T. Sherman (Sherman's March)Ruthless Northern general who waged a march through Georgia
793615206Clement VallandighamNotorious Copperhead, convicted of treason, who ran for governor of Ohio while exiled to Canada
793615207Salmon P. ChaseAmbitious secretary of the treasury who wanted to replace Lincoln as president in 1864
793615208John Wilkes BoothFanatical actor whose act of violence (the assassination of Abraham Lincoln) actually harmed the South
793615209Napolean IIISlippery French dictator who ignored the Monroe Doctrine by intervening in Mexican policies.
793615210Charles Francis AdamsAmerican envoy whose shrewd diplomacy helped keep Britain neutral during the Civil War
793615211MaximilianAn Old World aristocrat, manipulated as a puppet in Mexico, who was shot when his puppet-master deserted him
793615212Clara BartonHelped transform nursing into a respected profession, expanding woman's spheres (Also founded the Red Cross)

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