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| 638394031 | Ohio Idea | This called for a redemption of federal war bonds in greenbacks | |
| 638394032 | Horatio Seymour | Democrat who lost to Ulysses S. Grant in the election of 1868 | |
| 638394033 | "Waving the bloody shirt" | An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats. | |
| 638394034 | Jim Fisk and Jay Gould | These two men devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869; On "Black Friday," September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit; in order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell gold from its reserves | |
| 638394035 | Tweed Ring | (USG) , the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, started by Burly "Boss" Tweed that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing, Thomas Nast exposed through illustration in Harper's Weekly | |
| 638394036 | Credit Mobilier Scandal | This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president. | |
| 638394037 | Whiskey Ring Scandal | Before they were caught, a group of mostly Republican politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor; the scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving tax collectors, storekeepers, and others. | |
| 638394038 | Secretary of War William Belknap | pocketed bribes from suppliers to Indian reservation | |
| 638394039 | Liberal Republican Party | Short-lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption | |
| 638394040 | Horace Greeley | An American newspaper editor and founder of the liberal Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms. | |
| 638394041 | General Amnesty Act | An act passed that reenfranchised ex-confederates that previously had been barred from voting after the resolve of the civil war (re-allowed them to vote). It was intended to take votes away from Grant, who had obviously been a Union General. While it did increase the Democrat's numbers by a good deal, since the black vote still outweighed them and Grant's opposition was split between two candidates, Grant still won. | |
| 638394042 | Panic of 1873 | Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver) | |
| 638394043 | Freedmen's Savings and Trusts Company | made unsecured loans to several companies that went under--black depositors and unemployed riotously battled police | |
| 638394044 | Greenbacks | Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold. | |
| 638394045 | Hard-money supporters | pushed for disappearance of greenbacks | |
| 638394046 | Cheap-money supporters | clamored for reissuance of greenbacks | |
| 638394047 | Resumption Act of 1875 | required the government to continue to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and to redeem all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879. | |
| 638394048 | Crime of '73 | silver miners stopped offering silver to federal mints; no silver flow, Congress dropped coinage of silver dollars 1873, and later 1870s new slew discoveries shot production up and forced prices down | |
| 638394049 | Contraction | treasury accumulated gold stocks against resumption of metallic money payments, coupled with reduction of Greenbacks | |
| 638394050 | Greenback Labor Party | Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenbackers w/ program for improving labor | |
| 638394051 | Gilded Age | 1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor | |
| 638394052 | Mark Twain | United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910) | |
| 638394053 | Grand Army of the Republic | This organization was founded by former Union soldiers after the Civil War. It lobbied Congress for aid and pensions for former Union soldiers. It was also a powerful lobbying influence within the Republican party. | |
| 638394054 | Stalwarts | A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform. | |
| 638394055 | Roscoe Conkling | a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. | |
| 638394056 | Rutherford B. Hayes | 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history | |
| 638394057 | Electoral Count Act 1877 | passed by Congress in 1877, set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men selected from the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court. It was made to determine which party would win the election. The committee finally determined, without opening the ballots from the 3 disputed states, that the Republicans had been victorious in the disputed ballots from the three states, giving the Republicans the presidency. | |
| 638394058 | Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river | |
| 638394059 | Civil Rights Act of 1875 | Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. | |
| 638394060 | Civil Rights Cases | 1883, court decrees that 14th amendment prohibited only government violations of civil rights, not individuals | |
| 638394061 | Sharecropping and tenant farming | 1.) Common in the South after the Civil War: Working on land owned by others 2.) Many African Americans only knew how to farm so this was a way for them to work 3.) Minimal pay; not very fair 4.) Half of grown crops went to owner of the land | |
| 638394062 | Jim Crow Laws | Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights | |
| 638394063 | Blacks lynched | Blacks lynched | |
| 638394064 | Great Railroad Strike of 1877 | large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men | |
| 638394065 | Dennis Kearney | Racist against Chinese and he campaigned to kick them out. Irony is that the Irish were hated on the east-coast and he himself was Irish. Followers were Kearneyites. | |
| 638394066 | Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years. | |
| 638394067 | U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark | Supreme Court Case which supported a native born American's right to citizenship regardless of a parent's nationality | |
| 638394068 | Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis | _______ is "right of the soil" which goes along the lines of i was born here so i should be a citizen ________ is "right of the blood" which is what European countries use meaning if you are part of the bloodline you can be a citizen | |
| 638394069 | James A. Garfield | the 20th President of the US; he died two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration. | |
| 638394070 | Chester A. Arthur | Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so _____ became the 21st president. | |
| 638394071 | Winfield Scott Hancock | The democratic candidate for president in 1880 and civil war hero. He nearly took the national election, as Garfield failed to get a majority, but lost overwhelmingly in the Electoral College | |
| 638394072 | Charles J. Guiteau | Stalwart, assassinated Garfield to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job. | |
| 638394073 | Pendleton Act of 1883 | Bill that outlawed compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees and established the Civil Service Commission. | |
| 638394074 | Mugwumps | A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine. | |
| 638394075 | Grover Cleveland | 22nd and 24th President of the United States (1837-1908) | |
| 638394076 | "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" | an insult made against NY Irish-Americans by a republican clergyman in the 1884 election. Blaine's failure to repudiate this statement lost him NY and contributed to his defeat by Grover Cleveland. | |
| 638394077 | Benjamin Harrison | 23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars | |
| 638394078 | Thomas B. Reed | "Czar", Republican Speaker of the House in 1888, he gained a reputation for an iron grip over Congress and kept Democrats in line. | |
| 638394079 | Billion-dollar Congress | Republican congress of 1890. passed record # of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal govt., gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 | |
| 638394080 | Mckinley Tariff Act of 1890 | raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition. | |
| 638394081 | Farmer's Alliance | A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy | |
| 638394082 | Populists | A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8 hour working day | |
| 638394083 | James B. Weaver | He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West. | |
| 638666029 | Homestead Strike of 1892 | Workers at the Carnegie Steel Company strike due to a reduction in wages. Because of violence, 3 policemen and 9 workers die, after wards support for the strike and labor unions decline. | |
| 638666030 | Colored Farmers' National Alliance | More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same organization | |
| 638666031 | Tom Watson | elected to the U.S congress, became known as a champion of Georgia's farmers, and he sponsored and pushed through a law providing for RFD-rural free delivery | |
| 638666032 | "Grandfather Clause" | A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867. | |
| 638666033 | Panic of 1893 | Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s. | |
| 638666034 | Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 | It required the treasury to issue legal tender notes which could then be redeemed for gold, draining gold reserves | |
| 638666035 | Adlai E. Stevenson | during his second administration, Cleveland's life was endangered by a malignancy on the roof of his mouth. His successor would have been this "soft money" vice-president | |
| 638666036 | William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) | |
| 638666037 | J.P. Morgan | Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. The "banker's banker" | |
| 638666038 | Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894 | Protective tariff that was passed to ease the Panic of 1893—It had an amendment on it that created a graduated income tax. | |
| 638666039 | Union Pacific Railroad | A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH | |
| 638666040 | Central Pacific Railroad | A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH | |
| 638666041 | Big Four | nickname given to the chief financial backers of the railroads which included leland stanford and collis p.huntington | |
| 638666042 | "Wedding of the rails" | nickname for the site where the union pacific and central pacific met in ogden utah | |
| 638666043 | Northern Pacific Railroad | this railroad ran from Lake Superior to Puget Sound | |
| 638666044 | Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe | the transcontinental railroad that began in Kansas and stretched through the southwestern deserts into California. The line was completed in 1884. | |
| 638666045 | Great Northern | The northernmost of the transcontinental railroad lines, organized by economically wise and public-spirited industrialist James J. Hill | |
| 638666046 | "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt | Made a fortune building railroads | |
| 638666047 | Steel Rail | perfected by vanderbilt and popularized by him, used to replace old iron tracks of NYC with tougher metal. | |
| 638666048 | Standard Gauge | railroad track having the standard width of 56.5 inches | |
| 638666049 | Pullman Palace Cars | introduced in the 1860s these were billed as "gorgeous traveling hotels" by some. Others called them "wheeled torture chambers" and potential funeral pyres | |
| 638666050 | The Grange | The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry"It was a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area "granges" to work for their political and economic advantages. The official name of the National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses | |
| 638666051 | Granger Laws | Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional | |
| 638666052 | Munn v. Illinois | 1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. | |
| 638666053 | Wabash v. Illinois | Supreme court ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce | |
| 638666054 | Interstate Commerce Act | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices | |
| 638666055 | Eli Whitney | pioneer of mass production, with Cotton Gin | |
| 638666056 | Alexander Graham Bell | United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | |
| 638666057 | Thomas Alva Edison | This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment. | |
| 638666058 | "Vertical Integration" | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution, implemented by Andrew Carnegie | |
| 638666059 | "Horizontal Integration" | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level, implemented by John D. Rockefeller | |
| 638666060 | Standard Oil Company | Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. | |
| 638666061 | "Trust" | a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service | |
| 638666062 | "Interlocking Directorates" | the consolidation of rival enterprises, to ensure harmony officers of a banking syndicate were placed on boards of these rivals | |
| 638666063 | Bessemer-Kelly Process | first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron.. | |
| 638666064 | Andrew Carnegie | United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919), steel kingpin | |
| 638666065 | J. Pierpont Morgan | an american financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. in 1892 morgan arranged the merger of edison general electric and thompson-houston electric company to form general electric. | |
| 638666066 | United States Steel Corporation | Morgan bought Carnegie Steel and combined it with others, forming the first billion dollar company | |
| 638666067 | Gustavus F. Swift and Phillip Armour | Kings of meat industry | |
| 638666068 | "Gospel of Wealth" | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | |
| 638666069 | Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner | Pioneers in the education of evolution/ survival of the fittest. Also advocates of laissez faire, or minimal government interaction. | |
| 638666070 | Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 | The Act forbade combination in restraint of trade without any distinction between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts. The law proved ineffective because it contained legal loopholes and it made all large trusts suffer, not just bad ones. | |
| 638666071 | James Buchanan Duke | Formed the American Tabacco Company, controlled 90% of the cigarette market, made "coffin nails" | |
| 638666072 | Henry W. Grady | Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world. | |
| 638666073 | "Pittsburgh Plus" pricing system | -steel in Brigham, AL charged more by Pittsburgh rails for export | |
| 638666074 | "Trust-busting" | (law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws), provided assistance to government after free enterprise thrown out | |
| 638666075 | Gibson Girl | the idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by C. D. Gibson | |
| 638666076 | "Scabs" | Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike | |
| 638666077 | "Lockout" | a management action resisting employee's demands, locking doors | |
| 638666078 | "Ironclad oaths" or "yellow-dog contracts" | states the worker will not join unions | |
| 638666079 | "Black-List" | A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses. | |
| 638666080 | "Company Town" | a town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company. | |
| 638666081 | National Labor Union | 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers | |
| 638666082 | Knights of Labor | 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed | |
| 638666083 | Terence V. Powderly | Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation) | |
| 638666084 | Haymarket Square Bombing | (1886); people were rallying for the workers who were striking in Chicago. The police came and someone threw a bomb; people killed, trial followed, and some men sentenced to death. | |
| 638666085 | John P. Altgeld | Was the governor of the U.S. state of Illinois from 1893 until 1897. He was the first Democratic governor of that state since the 1850s. A leading figure of the Progressive Era movement, he improved workplace safety and child labor laws, pardoned three of the men convicted of the Haymarket Riot, and, for a time, resisted calls to break up the Pullman strike with force. | |
| 638666086 | American Federation of Labor | a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955 | |
| 638666087 | Samuel Gompers | United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924) | |
| 638666088 | Sears and Montgomery Ward | Department stores like this expanded their sales through the use of mail-order catalogs and the creation of "chain" stores. | |
| 638666089 | "Dumbbell tenement | Structures, usually six to eight stories tall, that were jammed tightly against one another to accommodate from twenty-four to thirty-two families per building; so-called because housing codes required a two-foot wide air shaft between buildings, giving the structure the appearance of a dumbbell when viewed from overhead. | |
| 638666090 | New Immigrants | Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe. | |
| 638666091 | Walter Rauschenbusch | New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions. | |
| 638666092 | Social Gospel | Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization | |
| 638666093 | Jane Addams | The founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes | |
| 638666094 | Florence Kelley | reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers | |
| 638666095 | "Nativism" | a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones | |
| 638666096 | Salvation Army | a charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless | |
| 638666097 | YMCA and YWCA | These Christian organizations were created before the Civil War and taught physical education and religious instruction together and were in most major cities in the US. | |
| 638666098 | High Schools | This type of school was introduced in the late nineteenth century | |
| 638666099 | "Normal Schools" | state colleges established for the training of teachers | |
| 638666100 | Kindergartens | Public and private elementary schools enrolled children in half day or full day programs or prepare children for elementary school | |
| 638666101 | Booker T. Washington | Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." | |
| 638666102 | George Washington Carver | United States botanist and agricultural chemist who developed many uses for peanuts and soy beans and sweet potatoes (1864-1943), taught at Tuskegee Institute | |
| 638666103 | W.E.B. DuBois | 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 | |
| 638666104 | NAACP | National Association for the advancement of colored people | |
| 638666105 | Morrill Act of 1862 | This Act was to encourage more settlers into the Great Plains (passed along with the Homestead Act of 1862). The Act set aside land and provided money for agricultural college which allowed, eventually, for agricultural to become industrialized | |
| 638666106 | William James | United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910) | |
| 638666107 | Library of Congress | -Established by Congress in 1800 to function as a research library for the legislative branch of the federal government, it eventually became the unofficial national library of the United States. Contains over 120 million books. | |
| 638666108 | Joseph Pulitzer | United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911), used colored comics i.e. "Yellow Kid," yellow journalism*** | |
| 638666109 | William Randolph Hearst | United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951) | |
| 638666110 | "Dime novels" | Cheaply bound and widely circulated novels that became popular after the Civil War depicting such scenarios from the "Wild West" and other American tales. | |
| 638666111 | Horatio Alger | United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys | |
| 638666112 | Walt Whitman | United States poet who celebrated the greatness of America (1819-1892), wrote Leaves of Grass | |
| 638666113 | Mark Twain | United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910) | |
| 638666114 | Bret Harte | United States writer noted for his stories about life during the California gold rush (1836-1902) | |
| 638666115 | Stephen Crane | United States writer (1871-1900), wrote about seamy underside of life in urban industrial america | |
| 638666116 | Henry James | writer who was born in the United States but lived in England (1843-1916), brother of William James | |
| 638666117 | Jack London | United States writer of novels based on experiences in the Klondike gold rush (1876-1916) | |
| 638666118 | The Octopus | Frank Norris's novel that recounted the depredations of California railroads | |
| 638666119 | Theodore Dreiser | United States novelist (1871-1945), wrote Sister Carrie | |
| 638666120 | Anthony Comstock | United States reformer who led moral crusades against art and literature that he considered obscene (1844-1915) | |
| 638666121 | Comstock Laws | served efforts to control female sexuality. They use regarding Birth Control literature ruled unconstitutional in 1936. | |
| 638666122 | Charlotte Perkins Gilman | A major feminist prophet during the late 19th and early 20th century. She published "Women and Economics" which called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute more to the community through the economy. She created centralized nurseries and kitchens to help get women into the work force. | |
| 638666123 | National American Woman Suffrage Association | militant suffragist organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony | |
| 638666124 | Carrie Chapman Catt | Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspired speaker and a brilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage. | |
| 638666125 | Ida B. Wells | the lynching of blacks outraged her, an African American journalist. In her newspaper, free speech, wells urged African Americans to protest the lynchings. She called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. She spoke out despite threats to her life. | |
| 638666126 | National Prohibition Party | organized in 1869 in response to the increasing amount of liquor intake by Americans due to Civil War and foreigners used to it | |
| 638666127 | Women's Christian Temperance Union | This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol. | |
| 638666128 | Anti-Saloon League | National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking. | |
| 638666129 | Phonograph | machine in which rotating records cause a stylus to vibrate and the vibrations are amplified acoustically or electronically, invented by Thomas Edison | |
| 638666130 | Phineas T. Barnum | an American showman who is best remembered for his entertaining hoaxes and for founding the circus | |
| 638666131 | William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody | Idiolized the "cowboy" life during the migration to the west, offered people in East a look into what was occurring on the other side of the country | |
| 638666132 | Treaty of Fort Laramie | Treaty under which government agreed to close Bozeman trail, and Sioux agreed to live on reserve along Missouri River. The Sioux were forced into this treaty. The treaty was only a temporary to warfare between Native Americans and Whites. | |
| 638666133 | "Great Sioux Reservation" | where Native Americans were herded by the federal government after giving up their ancestral land for the promise of being left alone with food and clothing they were never sufficiently taken care of) | |
| 638666134 | Sand Creek Massacre | an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members | |
| 638666135 | Fetterman Ambush | 1866 sioux war party ambushed CPT William J. Getterman's command, left not a single survivor | |
| 638741969 | George Armstrong Custer | United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876) | |
| 638741970 | Nez Perce | a tribe of the Shahaptian people living on the pacific coast, led by Chief Joseph into flight 1877 Oregon, surrendered, sent to Kansas reservation | |
| 638741971 | Geronimo | Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909) | |
| 638741972 | Helen Hunt Jackson | United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885), wrote A Century of Dishonor | |
| 638741973 | Sun Dance | a ceremonial dance performed by Amerindians at the summer solstice, outlawed after debate from Christian Reformers | |
| 638741974 | Ghost Dance | a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead, stamped out by Battle of Wounded Knee | |
| 638741975 | Dawes Severalty Act | Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes | |
| 638741976 | Carlisle Indian School | Failed attempt to forcibly integrate children of Native American's into US culture by way of a boarding school | |
| 638741977 | Fifty-niners or Pike's Peakers | Avid miners that rushed west to rip at the ramparts of the Rockies. there were notably more miners than minerals; and many gold-grubbers, with "Pike's Peak or Bust" inscribed on the canvas of their covered wagons, creaked wearily back with the added inscription, "Busted, by Gosh." Yet countless bearded fortune seekers stayed on, some to strip away the silver deposits, others to extract nonmetallic wealth from the earth in the form of golden grain. They also poured into Nevada in 1859, after the fabulous Comstock Lode had been uncovered. A fantastic amount of gold and silver, worth more than $340 million, was mined by the "Kings of the Comstock" from 1860 to 1890. The scantily populated state of Nevada, "child of the Comstock Lode," was prematurely railroaded into the Union in 1864, partly to provide three electoral votes for President Lincoln. Smaller "lucky strikes" drew frantic gold- and silver-seekers into Montana, Idaho, and other western states. Boom towns, known as "Helldorados," sprouted from the desert sands like magic. Every third cabin was a saloon, where sweat-stained miners drank adulterated liquor ("rot gut") in the company of accommodating women. Lynch law and hempen vigilante justice, as in early California, preserved a crude semblance of order in the towns. And when the "diggings" petered out, the gold-seekers decamped, leaving eerily picturesque "ghost towns," such as Virginia City, Nevada, silhouetted in the desert. Once the loose surface gold was gobbled up, ore-breaking machinery was imported to smash the gold-bearing quartz. This operation was so expensive that it could ordinarily be undertaken only by corporations pooling the wealth of stockholders. Gradually the age of big business came to the mining industry. Dusty, bewhiskered miners, dishpans in hand, were replaced by the impersonal corporations, with their costly machinery and trained engineers. The once independent gold-washer became juts another day laborer. Yet the mining frontier had played a vital role in subduing the continent. Magnetlike, it attracted population and wealth, while advertising the wonders of the Wild West. The amassing of precious metals helped finance the civil War, facilitated the building of railroads, and intensified the already bitter conflict between whites and Indians. The outpouring of silver and gold enabled the Treasury to resume specie payments in 1879 and injected the silver issue into American politics. "Silver Senators," representing the thinly peopled "acreage states" of the West, used their disproportionate influence to promote the interests of the silver miners. Finally, the mining frontier added to American folklore and literature, as the writings of Bret Harte and Mark Twain so colorfully attest. | |
| 638741978 | Comstock Lode | first discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada. | |
| 638741979 | Beef Barons | Swifts, Armour | |
| 638741980 | "Long Drive" | Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans. | |
| 638741981 | Dodge City and Abilene | The trailheads were the towns at the end of the cattle drive trails in Kansas and Missouri. Two Kansas "cow towns" | |
| 638741982 | Sodbusters | name given to Great Plains farmers because they had to break through so much thick soil, called sod, in order to farm | |
| 638741983 | Homestead Act of 1862 | this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30 | |
| 638741984 | John Wesley Powell | explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of 100th meridian | |
| 638741985 | Dry Farming | a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture | |
| 638741986 | Joseph F. Glidden | 1874 invented a superior type of barbed wire and in 1883 the company was producing 600 miles of the product each day; the barbed wire was used against trespassing cattle | |
| 638741987 | Great American Desert | The vast arid territory that included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Known as this before 1860, they were the lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast. | |
| 638741988 | "Sooners" | In 1889, people who illegally claimed land by sneaking past government officials before the land races began | |
| 638741989 | Frederick Jackson Turner | United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951), as "safety valve" (when hard times came, unemployed could move west, take up land, and prosper) | |
| 638741990 | Mark Twain, Bret Harte, Frederic Remington, George Catlin | Westward-moving pioneers immortalized by these writers and painters | |
| 638741991 | Aaron Montgomery Ward | Traveling salesman whose company beginning in the early 1870s eliminated the "middlemen," whose services increased the retail price of goods, by reaching consumers directly through mail-order catalogs. | |
| 638741992 | "Combine" | harvester that heads and threshes and cleans grain while moving across the field | |
| 638741993 | One-crop economy | an economy that depends on a single crop for income | |
| 638741994 | The Grange | Established in 1867 and also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, this organization helped farmers form cooperatives and pressured state legislators to regulate businesses on which farmers depended, led by Oliver H. Kelley | |
| 638741995 | Granger Laws | Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional | |
| 638741996 | Wabash decision | Supreme Court Case that decided individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. If the railroad were to be controlled, the federal government would have to do it. | |
| 638741997 | Greenback Labor Party | Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers w/ program for improving labor | |
| 638741998 | James B. Weaver | former Civil War general who ran for president with the Greenback Party (1880) and the Populist Party (1892). | |
| 638741999 | Farmers' Alliance | A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy | |
| 638742000 | Colored Farmers' National Alliance | More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org. | |
| 638742001 | Populist Party | U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies | |
| 638742002 | Coin's Financial School | popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors | |
| 638742003 | Ignatius Donnelly | Minnesota editor and politician; wrote the Omaha platform preamble; prized silver coinage | |
| 638742004 | Panic of 1893 | Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s. | |
| 638742005 | Jacob S. Coxey | a wealthy Ohio quarry owner turn populist who led a protest group to Washington D.C. to demand that the federal government provide the unemployed with meaningful work (during the depression of 1893). The group was arrested and disbanded peacefully in D.C. movements like this struck fear into American's hearts | |
| 638742006 | Pullman Strike | in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing | |
| 638742007 | Election of 1896 | Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial. | |
| 638742008 | Marcus A. Hanna | a Republican United States Senator from Ohio and the friend and political manager of President William McKinley; made millions as a businessman, and used his money and business skills to successfully manage McKinley's presidential campaigns in 1896 and 1900.; started Panama Canal | |
| 638742009 | William McKinley | 25th President of the United States | |
| 638742010 | William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) | |
| 638742011 | Cross of Gold Speech | An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold. | |
| 638742012 | "Gold Bugs" | Democrats who left their party over the silver issue | |
| 638742013 | Wilson-Gorman Law | did not raise enough revenue to cover the annual treasury deficits | |
| 638742014 | Dingley Tariff Bill | passed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits left by Wilson-Gorman Law |
