Chapters 1-3 APUSH-Taylor
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| 460132628 | Tribal societies | Societies in which people supported themselves through hunting and gathering with simple tools, such as the spear. There was a great deal of diversity between these groups, although they are usually all categorized as the same | |
| 460132629 | Mayans | 1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Central America. | |
| 460132630 | Aztecs | The Azetcs were a Native American Empire who lived in Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan (modern-day mexico city). Human Sacrifices. Cortes conquered them in 1521. | |
| 460132631 | Cahokia | an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. On Mississippi River. | |
| 460132632 | Subsistence agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family. | |
| 460132633 | Nationalism | Often associated with elitism. The love of one's country and willingness to sacrifice for it. | |
| 460132634 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China. Landed in Bahamas (Lived 1451-1506 but famed voyage in 1492). | |
| 460132635 | Smallpox | A Deadly disease that Europeans brought to the New World. It spread rapidly to many Natives with little or no immunity. Wiped out whole cities and Indian Nations. | |
| 460132636 | Conquistadors | the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century | |
| 460132637 | Missionaries | people sent out to carry a religious message; also focuses on converting non-Christian natives to Christianity. Famous for Missions (remember the missions along California coast along with Presidios) | |
| 460132638 | Pueblo | a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States | |
| 460132639 | Spanish empire | included most of Central and South America, southwestern United States, small colonies in Africa, and islands in the Caribbean and Pacific. Captured much land but often didn't colonize like Britain did. | |
| 460132640 | African slave trade | Forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas to work on plantations for tobacco, cotton, and others. See Triangle Trade | |
| 460132641 | Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. Triangle Trade | |
| 460132642 | Enclosure movement | This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work | |
| 460132643 | Merchant capitalism | the earliest form of capitalism based on buying and selling finished goods and agricultural products from merchant-class workers in market networks | |
| 460132644 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods that they bought | |
| 460132645 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Founder of Protestant Reformation | |
| 460132646 | John Calvin | Swiss theologian (born in France) and religious reformer who believed in predestination (people were either destined for damnation or salvation before they were born) and a strict sense of morality for society. Lead to Presbyterianism (1509-1564) | |
| 460132647 | Henry VIII | English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval). Cut ties with Catholic Church | |
| 460132648 | English Reformation | Result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom | |
| 460132649 | Calvinist Puritans | They fled their country under Queen Mary and when they returned to England, they brought back with them more radical religious ideas. They continued to clamor for reforms that would "purify" the church | |
| 460132650 | Church of England | Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife. Aka Anglican Church | |
| 460132651 | Separatists | Pilgrims that started out in Holland in the 1620's who traveled over the Atlantic Ocean on the Mayflower. These were the purest, most extreme Pilgrims existing, claiming that they were too strong to be discouraged by minor problems as others were. | |
| 460132652 | Elizabeth I | This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England | |
| 460132653 | James I | Issued charters in 1606 to the London and Plymouth Companies. Believed in Divine Right of Kings and oppressed Puritans. | |
| 460132654 | Plantation model of colonization | Transplantations of English society in the New World and Ireland. English kept themselves separate from natives. | |
| 460132655 | Fur trade | The trading of animal pelts (especially beaver skins) by Indians for European goods in North America. Dominated by French. | |
| 460132656 | Spanish Armada | the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. | |
| 460132657 | Roanoke | Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them. | |
| 460132658 | jamestown | Settled by 104 men who survived journey on the Godspeed, the Discovery, and the Susan Constant. In Chesapeake Bay. The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port and introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop. | |
| 460132659 | John Smith | Young world traveler and captain who saved Jamestown. He reorganized Jamestown government and administration and was the head of the government. He also organized Raids against Indians for protection. | |
| 460132660 | Virginia Company | Formerly, the London Company. Sold stock to adventurers who would colonize America and share profits. User of indentured servitude. Established the first permanent English colony (Jamestown) in the Americas. | |
| 460132661 | Tobacco | Cash Crop of Virginia (Jamestown), arguably saved Jamestown from extinction. | |
| 460132662 | Headright system | 50 acre grants of land, which new settlers could acquire in a variety of ways. Those who already lived in the colony received 100 acres. Encouraged families to move over together and the paying for indentured servants for more land. | |
| 460132663 | Indentured servants | People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free. Could be indentured to companies such as Virginia Company. | |
| 460132664 | Powhatan Indians | The Indians surrounding Jamestown that warred with the English colonists. | |
| 460132665 | Pocahontas | Chief's daughter captured by Thomas Dale and eventually converted and married John Rolfe. | |
| 460132666 | Royal Colony | A colony under the direct control of a monarch (ie the crown) | |
| 460132667 | Proprietary Colony | The ruling people were the true and absolute lords and proprietaries and were to acknowledge the ultimate sovereignty of the king only by paying an annual fee to the crown. (i.e. Lords Baltimore and Maryland Region) | |
| 460132668 | Charter Colony | colony established by a group of settlers who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle by the Crown (Virginia Charter) | |
| 460132669 | Bacon's Rebellion | an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley, an autocrat (absolute power) and policies regarding Natives. | |
| 460132670 | Plymouth Plantation | A settlement of Separatists outside the London Company's territory. These Separatists, the Pilgrims, received help from the Indians and made friends with some of them. Pilgrims that settled in Massachusetts (originally near Cape Cod but later moved). | |
| 460132671 | Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. | |
| 460132672 | William Bradford | Original Pilgrim and separatist leader, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. | |
| 460132673 | John Winthrop | As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. | |
| 460132674 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | Set up by Massachusetts Bay Company, a group of Puritan Merchants, and chartered by an unknowing King Charles and settled much of New England. (commenced in 1629). No officials controlled the Company from England since Winthrop brought the Charter. | |
| 460132675 | Theocracy | Massachusetts gave great power to ministers informally who influenced their congregations politically. | |
| 460132676 | Roger Williams | He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. Promoted Secularism and wanted to separate from Church of England. | |
| 460132677 | Anne Hutchinson | Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 | |
| 460132678 | Pequot War | Conflict between English settlers (and native allies) against Pequot Indians over control of land and trade with the Dutch in eastern Connecticut. Pequots were decimated and were either killed or enslaved. | |
| 460132679 | King Phillip's War | was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies from 1675-1676. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side known to the English as King Phillip. Back and forth war that involved constant raids on both sides. | |
| 460132680 | English Civil War | This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished under Charles I, son of King James I. Result of Charles establishing an absolute monarchy. Cavaliers vs Roundheads | |
| 460132681 | New York Colony | Colony founded by Dutch in 1624. Very diverse and wealthy colony. Contained the Hudson river, King Charles II gave his brother (Duke of York) land already claimed by the Dutch. Created conflict, Dutch lost for good in 1674. Formerly New Amsterdam. | |
| 460132682 | Quakers | English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania | |
| 460132683 | William Penn | A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. (1644-1718) | |
| 460132684 | Carolina Colonies | Had a constitution called the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina made with the help of John Locke in 1669. The northern and southern parts developed differently. The north did not import many slaves and had no aristocracy. The south was more prosperous and had an aristocratic society. Unstable colonies for many years. | |
| 460132685 | Pennsylvania Colony | a place founded by William Penn where all people regardless of race or religion, were treated fairly. Founded by Quakers for purpose of Pacifism and Self Governance. Payed Indians for the land. | |
| 460132686 | Caribbean Colonies | The most important colonist destination during the first half of the 17th century for British. Grew sugar with help from slaves. Most native populations were killed and/or enslaved and reduced severely. | |
| 460132687 | Georgia Colony | founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe; settled by debtors and unfortunates; border between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas; religious toleration to all Protestant Christians but not Catholics; first proprietary than royal colony. At first, strict military guidelines but eventually they were loosened. | |
| 460132688 | Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. | |
| 460132689 | Dominion of New England | 1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. | |
| 460132690 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. Bloodless Coup. Colonists unseated Andros after they learned of the coup. | |
| 460132691 | Leisler's Rebellion | Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troops | |
| 460132692 | Coode's Rebellion | John Coode drove out Lord Baltimore and his officials and made a Protestant government, making the Anglican Church of England the only church of Maryland. (Ended the 'Province of Maryland') | |
| 460132693 | Indenture system | Used when the introduction of tobacco in colonial Virginia lead to the need of more poor people for their workforce. Ideology behind it is that a servant's trip is paid for by a company or planter and they work off their debt. Not always voluntary. Most indentured servants after time was up struggled to work. | |
| 460132694 | Birth and death rates | Population of American Colonies grew rapidly and many Africans were brought over for enslavement leading to their domination of population groups along the coast. Birth Rates sky rocketed because of increased reproduction rates and increased life spans. | |
| 460132695 | Midwives | Assisted women in childbirth, but they also dispensed other medical advice. Often friends and/or neighbors of patients. Threatened male doctors. | |
| 460132696 | Patriarchal society | Male authority was undermined by women's high mortality rates and families not staying intact for long. | |
| 460132697 | Middle Passage | a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. Very harsh. | |
| 460132698 | Royal African Company of England | maintained a monopoly on African trade in the mainland colonies; kept prices high and supplies low; monopoly broken in the 1690s; prices fell and supplies increased | |
| 460132699 | Slave codes | laws that controlled the lives of enslaved african americans and denied them basic rights | |
| 460132700 | Palatinate Germans | Germans from the Rhineland of southwestern Germany, who left for England due to constant French invasion, and soon established a prominent population in the Pennsylvania colony. | |
| 460132701 | Huguenots | French Protestants (calvinists). Hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to America after loss of religious freedoms by Roman Catholic French. | |
| 460132702 | Scotch-Irish | the most numerous of newcomers to America, Scotch Presbyterians who had previously settled in northern Ireland, came to America and pushed out the edges of European settlement, and occupied land without regard to who owned it. | |
| 460132703 | Catholics | Catholics from Scotland after defeats in Ireland moved to colonies (mostly N.C.) | |
| 460132704 | Iron Act of 1750 | An English parliamentary regulation that restricted metal processing in the colonies. | |
| 460132705 | Triangular trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | |
| 460132706 | Consumerism | concentration on producing and distributing goods for a market which must constantly be enlarged | |
| 460132707 | Plantation economy | economic system that produced crops, especially sugar, cotton, and tobacco, using slave labor on large estates | |
| 460132708 | Plantation slavery | By the mid 1700s, about three-fourths of slaves worked on plantations. New equalized sex ratios and an increase in life expectancy caused stronger family structures and bonds. Some of the early blacks combined their native tongue with the English language. | |
| 460132709 | Gullah | language developed by African workers so white masters could not understand them, hybrid of English and African, culturallly a connection to Africa | |
| 460132710 | Stono Rebellion | The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go. | |
| 460132711 | Puritan community | A town was generally able to runs its own affairs, Residents held a yearly town meeting to decide important questions and elect officials. Only adult males were able to participate. Democracy. | |
| 460132712 | Primogeniture | system where the eldest son in a family inherits all of the parent's land. Wasn't used in colonies and instead a father would divide his land amongst all of his sons. | |
| 460132713 | Salem witch trials | Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Many witch trials were spread throughout New England as Hysteria grew. | |
| 460132714 | The Great Awakening | religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people | |
| 460132715 | Enlightenment | movement during the 1700's that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society | |
| 460132716 | Almanacs | Books that included info about weather and predictions for crops, included maps, calendars, and medical advice. They especially appealed to the commoners and were most popular nonreligious literature in Early America. | |
| 460132717 | Literacy rates | White Males had high literacy rates ( >50%) while literacy rates of women lagged. Most education ended at primary school level and it was mostly for men. | |
| 460132718 | Harvard | The oldest college in America, which reflected Puritan commitment to an educated ministry. | |
| 460132719 | Benjamin Franklin | Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. | |
| 460132720 | Cotton Mather | minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a scholar, one of first americans to promote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem. | |
| 460132721 | Smallpox inoculation | Gave mild cases of small pox to people to give them immunity to disease. Promoted by Cotton Mather. By mid-1700s it was a common medical procedure in colonies. | |
| 460132722 | John Peter Zenger | Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty. |
