Flashcards to APUSH Unit 1 Test
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| 898778776 | Bering Straits | 56 mile long frozen land bridge that connected North America and Russia | 1 | |
| 898778777 | Nomads | Came across Bering Straits in search of food. Native Americans descended from them and nomads mastered fire | 2 | |
| 898778778 | Eric the Red | Was a Norwegian viking who set up two colonies in Greenland | 3 | |
| 898778779 | Lief Ericson | Was the son of Eric the Red who went further west to Vineland (North America) and also discovered Newfoundland. Left after 2 years b/c of cold weather. | 4 | |
| 898778780 | Christopher Colombus | October 12, 1492- Wanted to find Asia Minor in order to get silks, carpets, drugs, spices, and dyes but miscalculated the distance and wound up in North America, sailed the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria | 5 | |
| 902322092 | Isabella and Ferdinand | Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon. Supported the voyage of Colombus | 6 | |
| 902322093 | Spices | Clove and Peppercorn were used as preservatives, also had cinnamon, nutmeg, and allspice to enhance flavors. VERY VALUABLE. | 7 | |
| 902322094 | God, Gold, and Glory | These were the motivations to explore the new world | 8 | |
| 898778781 | Reconquista | 700 years of driving Muslims out of Spain (taking back Holy land) | 9 | |
| 898778782 | Don Quixote | First Spanish satire written by Miguel de Cervantes | 10 | |
| 898778783 | Conquistadors | "conquerors." expected outcome of cultures to be Spanish and Indian | 11 | |
| 898778784 | Encomienda System | Native Americans were required to farm, ranch, or mine for Spanish profit and the Spaniards were supposed to see to their wellbeing. | 12 | |
| 898778785 | Presidios | Spanish forts | 13 | |
| 898778786 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Established a school of navigation in 1416--> made improvements in navigational technology | 14 | |
| 898778787 | Bartholomew Diaz | 1488- Founded Cape of Good Hope in South Africa | 15 | |
| 898778788 | Vasca Da Gamma | 1498- Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, India (called Asian Diaz route) | 16 | |
| 898778789 | Pedro Cabral | 1500- Blown off-course but discovered South America (Brazil) and made Portuguese claim. | 17 | |
| 898778790 | Amerigo Vespucci | 1499- took a voyage to coast of South America and said it wasn't Asia, but a "New World" | 18 | |
| 902322095 | Waldseemuller | 1507- Was a German cartographer who made the first map and named continent America after Amerigo Vespucci | 19 | |
| 902322096 | Gerhardus Mercator | 1538- Flemish cartographer who also called the new world America | 20 | |
| 902322097 | Treaty of Tordesillas | 1419- treaty between Spain and Portugal; they divided up all the new land that didn't belong to Christians | 21 | |
| 902322098 | Pope Alexander | Pope who drew the line of demarcation giving Spain the west and Portugal Brazil and Africa | 22 | |
| 902322099 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Discovered shortest way around new continent, the Isthmus of Panama, but was useless b/c tropical diseases & mosquitos. | 23 | |
| 902322100 | Ferdinand Magellan | Founded the Straits of Magellan (around tip of S. America) but was useless as well. One of his vessels completed voyage around the world. | 24 | |
| 902322101 | Juan Ponce de Leon | Searched FL for fountain of youth | 25 | |
| 902322102 | Aztecs | a sophisticated society that dominated Mexico. Was farmed intensively and very wealthy (gold and silver); millions died due to diseases that the Europeans brought | 26 | |
| 902322103 | Tenochtitlan | Capital city of Aztecs; present-day Mexico City | 27 | |
| 902322104 | Montezuma | The emperor of Aztecs who mistook Cortez for deity named Quertzlcoatl | 28 | |
| 902322105 | Hernando Cortez | Voyaged to Mexico where he first fought but later formed alliances with native tribes. Was mistaken for Aztec god but eventually destroyed Aztecs | 29 | |
| 902322106 | Hernando de Soto | 1539-1542 Explored the SE part of US for riches | 30 | |
| 902322107 | Francisco Coronado | trekked SW (NM, AZ, TX) in search of Seven Cities of Cibola that was said to be made of gold | 31 | |
| 902322108 | Incas | highly developed civilization with source of silver and gold w/ emperor called Inca | 32 | |
| 902322109 | Francisco Pizarro | former farmer who led small expedition into Andes in S. America; held the Inca for ransom, murdered him after receiving money, and then est. his people as the aristocracy | 33 | |
| 902322110 | Bartolome de Las Casas | a monk who tried to save the native Indians from extinction; in doing so, he advocated the importations of black slaves | 34 | |
| 902322111 | Maize | Indian corn; cultivation spread quickly improving nutrition levels and causing the population to rapidly increase | 35 | |
| 902322112 | Potato | became a major staple of food in Ireland & England through Russia & N. China; grows easily; flourished in warmer areas (Africa) | 36 | |
| 902322113 | John Cabot | 1497- Italian navigator who sailed to Newfoundland on behalf of King Henry VII | 37 | |
| 903320109 | Giovanni Verrazan | Italian sailor sent by King Francis I who claimed much of eastern coast of US | 38 | |
| 903320110 | Henry VIII | Became king of England after his brother's death; rejected pope's authority and divorced Catherine of Aragon, declared himself head of Church of England (anglican church) and remarried to Anne Boyleyn | 39 | |
| 903320111 | Elizabeth I | Was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boyleyn; became queen at 25; her "flirting" with King Phillip II resulted in peace with Spain | 40 | |
| 903320112 | Martin Luther | German monk who declared that certain doctrines of Roman Catholic Church were false; nailed his Ninety Five theses to church doors (attacked Catholic church) | 41 | |
| 903320113 | Protestant Reformation | a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. | 42 | |
| 903320114 | Catherine of Aragon | The daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella; originally married to Henry VII but after death was married to Henry VIII; had daughter Mary Tudor with Henry VIII | 43 | |
| 903320115 | Mary Tudor | Became heir after Edward VI died; married King Phillip II; Mary routed out Protestants and killed many earning nickname of "Bloody Mary" | 44 | |
| 903320116 | Francis Drake | the most daring of Privateers (ambitious Spanish hating fraternity) who sailed around Straits of Magellan, looked Spanish ports, and went around world for 2nd time; was knighted by Elizabeth I | 45 | |
| 903320117 | Ireland | England tried to assert power over Ireland; the Reformation caused divisions between Catholics and Protestants; In 1500's-1600's, Ireland became England's first overseas colony | 46 | |
| 903320118 | Roanoke | First colony in new world, although failed; "the Lost Colony"; est. by Walter Raleigh | 47 | |
| 903320119 | Martin Frosbisher | sent by Elizabeth to scout Newfoundland for a likely place to plant a colony | 48 | |
| 903320120 | Humphrey Gilbert | explorer granted permission to establish an English settlement in any land "not in the actual possession of any Christian prince"; settled in Newfoundland but decided that climate was too harsh, was going back but shipwrecked and died | 49 | |
| 903715086 | Sir Walter Raleigh | explorer granted permission to establish an English settlement in any land "not in the actual possession of any Christian prince"; 1584- sent an exploration party for Chesapeake Bay but miscalculated and ended up on Roanoke | 50 | |
| 903715087 | Virginia | new country named by Raleigh after Elizabeth (the Virgin Queen) | 51 | |
| 903715088 | CROATOAN | word carved into tree was last remains of the Lost Colony; was also an Indian island but colony was not found there | 52 | |
| 903715089 | Virginia Dare | First baby born in the new colony | 53 | |
| 903715090 | Spanish Armada | Armada consisting of 130 ships, 2400 guns, and 30,000 men, the largest fleet ever; was a result of English raids on Spanish gold ships and English support of rebels in Netherlands | 54 | |
| 903715091 | Mercantilism | an economic system where the object was to minimize imports and maximize exports and the trade that brought money in (in order to gain more profit) | 55 | |
| 903715092 | Thomas Mun | First systemized mercantilism by writing England's Treasure by Foreign Trade, 1644; caused very important changes | 56 | |
| 903715093 | Enclosure Movement | Land owners used formerly cultivated common lands into sheep runs and wool was very profitable | 57 | |
| 903715094 | Promoters | promoted the new land so people would want to go; over exaggerated and lied | 58 | |
| 903715095 | The London Company | was granted land charter by James I; settlement between 34' and 41' north latitude; English joint stock company | 59 | |
| 903715096 | The Plymouth Company | was granted land charter by James I; Settlement between 38' and 45' north latitude; English joint stock company | 60 | |
| 903715100 | Captain Christopher Newport | The captain who brought people to the new world on his 3 ships to Chesapeake Bay; decided on settlement in Jamestown but many died due to Malaria | 61 | |
| 903715101 | Jamestown | First successful colony located in Virginia and founded by Virginia Company | 62 | |
| 903715102 | Starving Time | The winter of 1608-1609 where many died in the new settlement | 63 | |
| 903715103 | Lorde de la Warr | 1610- was governor of Virginia for a year; implemented a strict authoritarian rule where fields were cleared, better shelters were built, and settlements were expanded; his program saved Jamestown | 64 | |
| 903814575 | Tobacco | Was originally considered "vile" but after colonies, it was acceptable; W Indian tobacco in colonies was huge success--easy to grow and cultivate; was savior of Virginia colonies | 65 | |
| 903814576 | John Rolfe | developed the extremely successful tobacco that saved Jamestown; was known for his marriage to the Indian princess Pochahontas | 66 | |
| 903814577 | Pocahontas | daughter of Chief Powhatan; married John Rolfe and est. a sort of alliance between Indians and whites | 67 | |
| 903814578 | Head Right System | Each person or head of household who came to Virginia received fifty acres of land for himself and fifty for every other person whose passage he paid | 68 | |
| 903814579 | Indentured Servitude | In return for their transportation to Virginia, people were bound by contract to labor for their master without pay for usually seven years. | 69 | |
| 903814580 | Chief Powhatan | chief who didn't view Europeans as a threat; traded with them and when Pocahontas married John Rolfe, an alliance was formed | 70 | |
| 903814581 | Opechancanough | Powhatan's brother who took over after Powahatan dies; views English a threat and kills almost 1/4 of Virginia's population | 71 | |
| 903814582 | Yeardly | The first governor of Jamestown | 72 | |
| 903814583 | Puritan | A reform Protestant sect of the Church of England which believed that people who were saved should separate from the mass of population; wanted to "purify" the church; calvanistic; "to live among sin invites God's wrath" | 73 | |
| 903833998 | Anglican Church | The Church of England; Henry VIII's church | 74 | |
| 903833999 | The "Elect" | The "Chosen" group that the Puritans believed to be saved. | 75 | |
| 903834000 | Holland | Where the separatists (pilgrims) fled to in order to find religious toleration | 76 | |
| 903834001 | Plymouth | Colony near Massachusetts Bay that was founded by pilgrims | 77 | |
| 903889327 | Sir Edmond Sandys | an influential shareholder in the Plymouth company who assured the Puritans that James I wouldn't molest them if they went to New England | 78 | |
| 903889328 | Speedwell and Mayflower | The ships that the Pilgrims were sailing on to go to Plymouth; Speedwell sprung a leak and went back but Mayflower made it | 79 | |
| 903889329 | Mayflower Compact | compact agreement made before disembarking Mayflower; served as Plymouth's constitution for 70 years; 1. Just and Equal Laws 2. Majority Binding Vote- Laws approved by majority are binding 3. Popular Sovereignty- Political authority rest on the will of the people | 80 | |
| 903889330 | Captain Miles Standish | The military officer of the Pilgrim's expedition | 81 | |
| 903889331 | Town Meeting | Concept in which the citizens come together to work out solutions and discuss major issues facing the community | 82 | |
| 903889332 | Governor William Bradford | Governor of Plymouth; abandoned communal living and distributed farmland among families | 83 | |
| 903889333 | Massachusetts Bay | "A City Upon A Hill"; The planners had planned every detail before leaving England so supplies were abundant; came to escape from sin | 84 | |
| 903889334 | Boston | A ready made city composed of a cross section of age, sex, social class and occupation | 85 | |
| 903889335 | Calvinistic | disciples of Protestant theologian John Calvin who believed that everyone still carried the burden of original sin (Adam and Eve had sex, creating life) | 86 | |
| 903889336 | John Winthrop | Leader of Massachusetts Bay; "God will bring some heavy affliction upon this land." | 87 | |
| 903889337 | Blue Laws | Law books that were filled with laws created by Puritans; used the pilfery, public flogging (40 flogs=death sentence), and branding | 88 | |
| 903947452 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | author of the book The Scarlet Letter who was inspired by Blue Laws (branding an adulterer) | 89 | |
| 903947453 | Salem Witch Trials | 14 women and 1 man hanged accused of witchcraft; 2 girls pretended to be afflicted by curses by them; trial by tribulation: hands & legs tied together w/ a stone and pushed off a river. If they drown, they are human, if they survive, they are witch & hanged | 90 | |
| 903947454 | Rhode Island | 1636- Founded by Roger Williams | 91 | |
| 903947455 | Roger Williams | Brilliant, zealous, and cantankerous Puritan preacher; believed that English had no right to settle unless Indians gave permission; believed in religious toleration (no one had a right to determine whether a person was a saint or not) | 92 | |
| 903947456 | Ann Hutchinson | Was a devoted follower of Reverend John Cotton; held bible study at her home criticizing corrupt pastors and challenged the Puritan's political control of MA; after moving to NY, she and her 12 children were killed by Indians | 93 | |
| 903947457 | New Hampshire | Settlers were followers of Ann Huchinson who moved from MA w/ minister John Wheelright; was largely populated by orthodox Puritans who were looking for better land | 94 | |
| 903947458 | Connecticut | 1634- Established by Rev. Thomas Hooker who thought that MA wasn't religious enough | 95 | |
| 903947459 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | The first constitution in America | 96 | |
| 903947460 | Corporate Colonies | AKA Joint Stock colonies that were ruled by the people | 97 | |
| 903947461 | Royal Colonies | Colonies that were ruled by the king | 98 | |
| 903947462 | Proprietary Colonies | Colonies that were ruled by the king's appointee | 99 | |
| 903947463 | Maryland: Catholics | 1631- Founded by George and Cecilius Calvert (1st and 2nd lords of Baltimore) to be a refuge for their coreligionist, English Catholics | 100 | |
| 903947464 | Acts of Toleration | 1649- Passed by Cecilius Calvert in fear for future of Catholics in Maryland; basically freedom of religion | 101 | |
| 903947465 | New Netherland | 1624- established by a Dutch trading company; encouraged settlement by offering large tracts of land to anyone who settled 50 families in the colony. | 102 | |
| 904331339 | Duke of York | Was a popular proprietor since he ratified the Dutch land grants and tolerated the Dutch reformed Church and Dutch language | 103 | |
| 904331340 | William Penn | King Charles II owed Penn money so he gave him land inc. PA, DW, and pts. of NJ; was a Quaker | 104 | |
| 904331341 | Quaker | rebels, they disrespected royals but were pacifists, non-violent, protested peacefully; were religiously tolerant | 105 | |
| 904331342 | George Fox | Founder of Quakers who wandered around England preaching in village squares | 106 | |
| 904331343 | Fundamental Constitution of the Carolinas | 120 detailed articles written by John Locke but thought by Anthony Ashley Cooper; created a blueprint for a society that was even more rigidly structured than feudalism | 107 | |
| 904331344 | Charleston | trading city founded on the coast of South Carolina | 108 | |
| 904331345 | Rice | Extremely lucrative export crop, flourished in flooded lowlands of SC | 109 | |
| 904331346 | Indigo | a plant that produced blue dye (coveted) | 110 | |
| 904331347 | Georgia | 1732- Last of 13 colonies founded; was created to be a military buffer state protecting SC against Spanish in FL | 111 | |
| 904331348 | Colonel James Oglethorpe | experienced and successful soldier who founded GA | 112 | |
| 904331349 | Navigation Acts | put mercantilism into legal form a. Colonial trade must be in English vessels w/ English crew b. All goods imported from Europe must be taken into England first in order to be taxed c. Colonial products called "enumerated articles" could ONLY be shipped to England | 113 | |
| 904331350 | Tidewater Vs. Piedmont | Tidewater: home of elite wealthy aristocratic plants Piedmont: home to many frontier small farmers | 114 | |
| 904331351 | Sir William Berkley | Political and social leader of tidewater aristocracy; sold goods in exchange for furs (lucrative) and found good relations w/ Indians | 115 | |
| 904331352 | Bacon's Rebellion | Nathaniel Bacon led a force that attacked Oconeechee tribe, turned it on Jamestown and Bacon governed VA for 3 months before he died | 116 | |
| 904331353 | Triangle Trade | NE gave rum to Africa, Africa gave slaves to South, and South gave molasses to NE which turned into rum | 117 | |
| 904331354 | Yankees | smugglers in the North | 118 | |
| 904331355 | Oliver Cromwell | absolute dictator from 1649-58; NE disregarded his rule | 119 | |
| 904331356 | Pine Tree Shilling | own money that MA issued in 1652 | 120 | |
| 904331357 | Dominion of New England | a combo of NE including NY and NJ created by James II | 121 | |
| 904331358 | Lords of Trade | sent by Charles II to find out what was going on in the New World | 122 | |
| 904331359 | Taxation Without Representation | When Edmond Andros (governor) collected taxes w/o approval of King or Parliament | 123 | |
| 904331360 | Increase Mathers | was sent to London to get colony charters revived and get Andros recalled | 124 | |
| 904331361 | Glorious Revolution | overthrow of James II by William and Mary | 125 | |
| 904331362 | Algonkians | controlled the coast from NE through Chesapeake bay, St. Lawrence basic, and pts. of NY and PA; tribes were hostile to each other (Mohicans, Abnaki, Lenni Lnape, Pequots, Chippewas, and Powhatans) | 126 | |
| 904331363 | Iroquoian | Occupied territory from E Great Lakes through NY and into PA; not hostile with each other except for Hurons, Conestogas, Eries | 127 | |
| 904331364 | Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederation | Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, and Senecas; very civilized | 128 | |
| 904331365 | Muskogeans | Agriculturally advanced and socially sophisticated tribes lived in FL, GA, AL, MS, and TN; Apalachee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Natchez, and Seminoles | 129 | |
| 904331366 | Peter Minuir | 1626- purchased Manhattan Island, $24 in trinkets | 130 | |
| 904331367 | Samuel de Champlain | est. a trading post on St. Lawrence River called Quebec | 131 | |
| 904331368 | Coureurs du bois | "runners of the woods"; were French who lived like Indians | 132 | |
| 904331369 | Louis Joliet & Jacques Marquette | 1673- Jesuit priests who went from Mississippi to Arkansas River | 133 | |
| 904331370 | Robert Cavalier | 1699- sailed Sieur de La Salle to the Gulf of Mexico | 134 | |
| 904331371 | Pierre Le Moyne | 1699- sailed the Sieur d'Iberville and started settlements on Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans | 135 | |
| 904331372 | John Elliot | "Apostle of the Indians"; devoted his life to preaching among tribes of upper Connecticut Valley | 136 | |
| 904331373 | Dartmouth College | Originated as a school for Indians | 137 | |
| 904331374 | Slave Trade | A sordid business in which African kings collaborated w/ European and American merchants; slaves came from Ivory Coast | 138 | |
| 904331375 | Middle Passage | sea-crossing that was cruelest pt. of trade | 139 | |
| 904331376 | Benjamin Franklin | internationally known scientist, writer of charm and wit, founded libraries, learned societies, hospitals, and fire department, est. first abolitionist society; signed Declaration of Independence and Constitution | 140 | |
| 904331377 | Albany Plan of Union | 1754- first plan to unite colonies economically and politically written by Benjamin Franklin | 141 | |
| 904331378 | Germans | Were so numerous in PA that official language was almost German; were pacifists--well educated, non-violent | 142 | |
| 904331379 | Scotch Irish | Came in larger numbers than Germans; were trouble--drank, fought, were uneducated | 143 | |
| 904331380 | John Woolman & Anthony Benezet | Quakers who questioned the morality of holding blacks in slavery (first abolitionists) | 144 | |
| 904666997 | Mason-Dixon line | dividing line between Pennsylvania and Maryland (divides N & S) | 145 | |
| 904666998 | William of Orange | 1689- Was King of England; believed in salutary neglect | 146 | |
| 904666999 | King William's War | AKA War of the League of Augsburg; Winter 1689-90- French, Algonkians, and Huron struck 1st blow in series of raids on NY, NH, and ME | 147 | |
| 904667000 | Peace of Ryswick 1697 | 1690- an expedition from MA captured Port Royal, sacrificed MANY; the king just returns it back to France, NE realizes their interest were subordinate to those of England | 148 | |
| 904667001 | Queen Ann's War | 1700- last Hapsburgs King of Spain dies w/o heir; Louis XIV wants to place nephew on throne but Hapsburgs in Austria combined w/ England to stop; NE bloody raids- Deerfield, MA wiped out by French and Indians | 149 | |
| 904667002 | Peace of Utrecht 1713 | NE capture Port Royal again but this time British keeps it and all of Arcadia (renamed Nova Scotia); British expel all French to Louisiana known as Cajuns | 150 | |
| 904667003 | The Long Peace 1713-39 | 26 years America was peaceful; GA was founded and pop steadily grew, crops were lucrative | 151 | |
| 904667004 | Salutary Neglect | If the colonies were content, bustling, and prosperous, thus enriching the English merchant class, then it was salutary not to disturb it; "If it isn't broken, don't fix it" | 152 | |
| 904667005 | Robert Walpole | First Prime Minister; was lazy and easy going; believed in salutary neglect | 153 | |
| 904667006 | Molasses Act of 1733 | British West Indies sugar planters demanded that parliament put a tax on sugar and molasses imported into the mainland esp. from French sugar islands; implemented by Walpole but never enforced; kept both sides happy | 154 | |
| 904667007 | Rev. Jonathan Edwards | Greatest figure in Great Awakening; preached to scare people into believing and opened church to everyone; collected "offering" | 155 | |
| 904667008 | George Whitfield | Started Great Awakening; most successful minister; preached for 40 hrs/wk. | 156 | |
| 904667009 | Enlightenment | Belief that human reason by itself could unlock the secrets of the universe and guide the improvement of humanity and science | 157 | |
| 904667010 | Sir Isaac Newton | wrote Principia Mathematica (1687) and Opticks (1704); was a physicist and mathematician | 158 | |
| 904667011 | Deism | God didn't intervene in the world of nature, but merely set the natural world in motion according to laws that human beings could discover and understand | 159 | |
| 904667012 | War of Jenkins' Ear | Shipmaster Robert Jenkins arrived in London w/his ear in a box, savagely separated by Spanish custom officials; GA & SC took part in disastrous attack on Colombian port Cartagena; only 600/3500 returned | 160 | |
| 904667013 | King George's War 1740-48 | AKA War of Austrian Succession; French and Indians raided NE again | 161 | |
| 904667014 | Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | Port Royal was returned to France in exchange for Madras in India | 162 |
