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| 476025873 | Paxton Boys | They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina. | |
| 476025874 | Regulator Movement | eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite | |
| 476025875 | Triangular trade | exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. | |
| 476025876 | Molasses Act | Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. Widely ineffective due to widespread smuggling | |
| 476025877 | Arminianism | belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. | |
| 476025878 | Great Awakening | 1730s-1740s: Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. | |
| 476025879 | Old Lights | Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality | |
| 476025880 | New Lights | ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield | |
| 476025881 | Poor Richard's Almanack | widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense | |
| 476025882 | Zenger Trial | 1734-1735: New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel | |
| 476025883 | Royal Colonies | colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king | |
| 476025884 | Proprietary colonies | colonies- Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware- under control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors | |
| 476025885 | Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur | a Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; he wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America: | |
| 476025886 | Jacobus Arminius | Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609) | |
| 476025887 | Jonathan Edwards | American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) | |
| 476025888 | George Whitefield | One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees. | |
| 476025889 | John Trumbull | American painter of historical scenes (1756-1843) | |
| 476025890 | John Singleton Copley | American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815) | |
| 476025891 | Phillis Wheatley | American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784) | |
| 476025892 | John Peter Zenger | Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty. | |
| 476025893 | Huguenots | French Protestant dissenters, granted limited toleration under the edict of nantes. | |
| 476025894 | Edict of Nantes | Decree issued by the french crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America | |
| 476025895 | Coureurs de Bois | translated as "runners of the woods," they were French fur trappers. see also voyageurs | |
| 476025896 | Voyageurs | translated as "runners of the woods," they were French fur trappers. see also coureur de bois | |
| 476025897 | King William's war | War fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their respective Indian allies from 1689-1697. | |
| 476025898 | Queen Anne's War | 1702-1713: second in a series of conflicts between the European powers for control of North America, fought between the English and the French colonists in the North, and the English and Spanish in Florida. Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Britain | |
| 476025899 | War of Jenkin's Ear | 1739: Small scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession | |
| 476025900 | King George's War | 1744-1748: North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government. | |
| 476025901 | Acadians | French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as cajuns | |
| 476025902 | French and Indian War | 1754-1763: Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe | |
| 476025903 | Albany Congress | 1754: Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French | |
| 476025904 | Regulars | Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. During French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding experienced regulars, often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen | |
| 476025905 | Battle of Quebec | 1759: Historic British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America | |
| 476025906 | Pontiac's uprising | 1763: Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion. | |
| 476025907 | Proclamation of 1763 | Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in American colonies | |
| 476025908 | Louis XIV | King of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) | |
| 476025909 | Samuel de Champlain | French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635) | |
| 476025910 | Edward Braddock | a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, he was mortally wounded. | |
| 476025911 | William Pitt | "Great Commoner"- drew much of his strength from the common people. British leader who was instrumental in the capture of Quebec and Montreal | |
| 476025912 | James Wolfe | the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, he was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War. | |
| 476025913 | Pontiac | famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769) | |
| 476025914 | republicanism | Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in 18th century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule | |
| 476025915 | Radical Whigs | 18th century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights | |
| 476025916 | Merchantilism | Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political and military power to its bullion reserves. They generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition | |
| 476025917 | Sugar Act | 1764: Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered substantially in response to wide-spread protests | |
| 476025918 | Quartering Act | 1765: Required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights | |
| 476025919 | Stamp Act | 1765: Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, replaced in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" that questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims | |
| 476025920 | Admiralty Courts | used to try offenders for violating the various Navigation Acts passed by the crown after the French and Indian War. Colonists argued that the courts encroached on their rights as Englishmen since they lacked juries and placed the burden of proof on the accused | |
| 476025921 | Stamp Act Congress | assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicion and promote intercolonial unity | |
| 476025922 | Nonimportation Agreements | 1765 and after: Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend Acts and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies. | |
| 476025923 | Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty | Patriotic group that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non importation agreements | |
| 476025924 | Declaratory Act | 1766: Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies | |
| 476025925 | Townshend Acts | 1767: External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint, tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies | |
| 476025926 | Boston Massacre | 1770: Clash between unruly Bostonian protesters and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens | |
| 476025927 | Committees of Correspondence | 1772 and after: Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the 13 colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets | |
| 476025928 | Boston Tea Party | 1773: Rowdy protest against the British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament | |
| 476025929 | Intolerable Acts | 1774: Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods | |
| 476025930 | Quebec Acts | 1774: allowed the French residents of Quebec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of Parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party | |
| 476025931 | First Continental Congress | 1774: Convention of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods | |
| 476025932 | The Association | 1774: Non-importation agreement crafted during the first continental congress calling for the complete boycott of British goods | |
| 476025933 | Lexington and Concord | 1775: 1st battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston | |
| 476025934 | Valley Forge | 1777-1778: Encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army- a lack of stable supplies and munitions | |
| 476025935 | Camp Followers | women and children who followed the continental army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations | |
| 476025936 | John Hancock | American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress; first signer of the declaration of independence | |
| 476025937 | George Grenville | Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling. | |
| 476025938 | Charles Townshend | government official, close to the king, likable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea, came up with the Townshend Acts | |
| 476025939 | Crispus Attucks | The African-Native American man who was the first man to die in the Boston Massacre, also considered the first death in the Revolutionary War | |
| 476025940 | George III | English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances. | |
| 476025941 | Lord North | Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781. | |
| 476025942 | Samuel Adams | American Revolutionary leader and patriot. An organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1722-1803) | |
| 476025943 | Thomas Hutchinson | Governor of Boston who ordered cargo of tea to be unloaded in Boston despite colonial objection | |
| 476025944 | Marquis de Lafayette | He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in france but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill. | |
| 476025945 | Baron von Steuben | volunteer, general in Prussia,offered help to Patriots after Washington won the battles at Trenton & Princeton, arrived at Valley Forge in the spring of 1778- helped train American troops | |
| 476025946 | Lord Dunmore | Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army | |
| 476025947 | Second Continental Congress | Representative body of delegates from all 13 colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort | |
| 476025948 | Bunker Hill | 1775: Fought on the outskirts of Boston on Breed's Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, though at a heavy cost to the British | |
| 476025949 | Olive Branch Petition | 1775: Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion | |
| 476025950 | Hessians | German troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection. This hardened the resolve for American colonists, who resented the use of paid foreign fighters | |
| 476025951 | Common Sense | 1776: Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution | |
| 476025952 | Declaration of Independence | July 4th 1776: Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. THe declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide | |
| 476025953 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | 1789: Declaration of rights adopted during the French Revolution. Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence | |
| 476025954 | Loyalists | American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "tories" | |
| 476025955 | Patriots | colonists who supported the American Revolution; they were also known as "Whigs" | |
| 476025956 | Battle of Long Island | 1776: Battle for the control of New York. British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war | |
| 476025957 | Battle of Trenton | 1776: George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for victory at Princeton a week later | |
| 476025958 | Battle of Saratoga | Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause | |
| 476025959 | Model Treaty | 1776: Sample treaty drafted by the continental congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the American's desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements | |
| 476025960 | Armed Neutrality | 1780: Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American independence | |
| 476025961 | Treaty of Fort Stanswix | 1784: Treaty signed by the US and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans | |
| 476025962 | privateers | privately owned armed ships authorized by congress to prey on enemy shipping during the Revolutionary War. More numerous than the tiny American Navy, inflicted heavy damages on British shippers | |
| 476025963 | battle of yorktown | 1781: George Washington, with the aid of the French Army, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace | |
| 476025964 | treaty of Paris | 1783: peace treaty signed by Britain and the US ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors | |
| 476025965 | Ethan Allen | a soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789) | |
| 476025966 | Benedict Arnold | United States general and traitor in the American Revolution; in 1780 his plan to surrender West Point to the British was foiled (1741-1801) | |
| 476025967 | Richard Montgomery | A formerly British General, then changed sides and led the colonists. He led a successful attack into Montreal, then on to Quebec. His attack on Quebec failed and he was killed, thus, the whole invasion into Canada failed. | |
| 476025968 | Thomas Paine | American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) | |
| 476025969 | Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. | |
| 476025970 | Richard Henry Lee | leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American colonies (1732-1794) | |
| 476025971 | Lord Charles Cornwallis | the British general who commanded trooops from Charleston, South Carolina. He surrendered his entire army to George Washington after the battle of Yorktown | |
| 476025972 | William Howe | during the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer. | |
| 476025973 | John Burgoyne | British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792) | |
| 476025974 | Benjamin Franklin | printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics. He helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists. Also made great scientific discoveries | |
| 476025975 | Comte de Rochambeau | French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown (1725-1807) | |
| 476025976 | Nathanael Greene | a colonial general who fought the English in the late eighteenth century-- used fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue for miles. Historical Significance: Cleared Georgia and South Carolina of British troops. | |
| 476025977 | Joseph Brant | Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries | |
| 476025978 | George Rogers Clark | Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779, secured the Northwest Territory for America | |
| 476025979 | Admiral de Grasse | operated a powerful French fleet in the West Indies. He advised America he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown. Rochambeau's French army defended British by land and this man blockaded them by sea. This resulted in Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781. |
