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| Typically, rich people were Loyalists. They opposed the Rebellion and refused to support the Continental Congress unless threatened. Though they opposed Parliament's claim to taxing the colonies like the Loyalists did, they did not believe that independence was the only way to preserve the colonies' constitutional rights. They believed seperation was illegal and would start a war. Failing to defend their king against the Loyalists caused a lose of personal honor. | ||
| Slaves supported the British because they knew that the Revolution was not indenteded to benefit them, and the British more often offered liberty to them. Natives were divided in support, but more supported British too because colonists wanted land expansion, which was bad for the natives. | ||
| Advantages : They outnumbered the colonies and possessed the world's largest navy and one of the best professional armies. Disadvantages : As the military continued to grow, the resources became strained and they needed more manpower for their various battles, so had to hire Hessians and Loyalists. Navy power went down due to peacetime budget cuts. Food had to be imported since getting food from the land hindered them and was dangerous. There was not much support for the war. | ||
| German mercenaries | ||
| They mobilized troops easily, but people openly supported the British. State militias were good at hit and run, guerille skirmishes, intimidating Loyalists, and requisitioning war supplies, but bad at pitched battles because they lacked training. | ||
| He was tall, dignified, inspiring, determined, lost most of the battles he commanded, opponent to Parliament's taxing, so sat in the Continental Congress, and a tobacco farmer. | ||
| Trenton: There were very few troops left in the Continental Army. Christmas night, they attacked the British troops (was a Hessian garrison though), and captured many, while only losing a few. Princeton: January 3rd. Took/killed 400 British while taking only 40 casualities. These battles boosted morale and kept civilians from being convinced to support the British. They destroyed British loyalism in New Jersey and the militia kept loyalists in that area jailed or disarmed. Eventually, some Loyalists joined the militia after swearing allegiance to the Continental Congress. | ||
| He was a young French aristocrat who had close relations with the French court, so by being in America, he helped get France's attention concerning America's Revolutionary War efforts. | ||
| He was the general of the British main force. He led troops south from Quebec through eastern New York during a two-part assault meant to crush New York resistance. He took Fort Ticonderoga, but supply lines were overstretched. His losses gave General Gates the chance to attack, and when he did, he outnumbered the British and surrounded them. British surrendered. | ||
| John Burgoyne was general of the British. Gates was the general of the Continental Army. Burgoyne took Fort Ticonderoga, but supply lines were overstretched. His losses gave General Gates the chance to attack, and when he did, he outnumbered the British and surrounded them. British surrendered. This battle was the war's turning point. It gained French support (along with the assistance of Benjamin Franklin) because the battle convinced France that the colonies might win the war. | ||
| He was at Valley Forge with the Continental Army. He helped train the failing troops. | ||
| It impacted the future shape of the US. Natives and settlers were fighting with each other. British were helping the natives, but when they could not lend assistance to them, the natives were left extremely vunerable to attack. Settlers destroyed the native population and took their land. | ||
| If the British captured southern ports, it gave them access to move their forces between the West Indies and the US (because they were fighting people everywhere, basically). | ||
| General Gates was defeated by Cornwallis in Camden, South Carolina, so Grenne was sent to cofront Cornwallis. Greene fought three major battles and lost all three, but won the campaign because he protected the Whigs so they could hunt down loyalists, stretched their supplies and men, and forced Cornwallis into Virginia. | ||
| Cornwallis' surrender was the end because they lost the will to fight. The treaty cut into Spanish land and did not mention natives and set up future conflicts with the British. It ratified independence. | ||
| Changes : In the late 1760s, to boycott British goods, gentry began wearing homespun clothing. Also, the war caused the rich to respect the poor in the militia because high level officers had to respect their privates to get them to obey orders. The rich learned that men rise in power through their ability, not just their wealth. | ||
| The fitness for government positions by personal accomplishments rather than the amount of money they had. | ||
| They could run away and pretend to be freedmen during the confusion of war. They could join the Continental Army because the militia needed more men, not because of equality. | ||
| The main duty of females was to maintain the household and raise the kids. Some states made divorce easier for women, but the Revolution gave basically no change for women. Women were considered naturally dependent (as daughters to their fathers, and then wives to their husbands). Women assisted in the resistance as "camp followers" (they cooked, laundered, and nursed the men), as well as some women who disguised themselves as men and fault. Women at home had to do the husband's work because they were off at war. Women began to have some say over choosing their husband. Women were pregnant less often. | ||
| Women would be edcuated in the values of liberty and independence in order to strengthen the virtue of the new country, because mothers would teach this to their children. This was the beginning of education for women, at least the basic education. | ||
| Economic opportunity for colonists led to expansion into native land and gave the natives diseases, different farming practicies, and alcohol. Their population dropped by half and their communities were uprooted. They had a mixed culture. They worked with the colonists, traded with them, etc. | ||
| Democracy meant "mob rule" with uneducated people, while republic meant a government with capable leaders, elected for their talents and wisdom, and would idealy balance the interests of classes. | ||
| 1786. Written by Thomas Jefferson. It was the ideal behind disestablishment (seperate church and state), and the statute basically said that there was to be a defense of religious freedom at all times and places. | ||
| Strengths: It gave the states sovereignty, freedom, and independence. Citizens of the state came first in importance, then the US. National Congress, which gave each state one vote. Weaknesses: It had no power, it needed 100% agreement to do anything, could not enact taxes, did not have judiciary/executive branches, had a single chamber. | ||
| The US had absolutely no money left after the war. (It had cost $160 million to fight the war.) The government had borrowed money from abroad and printed their own money (called 'continentals', but the money lost almost all its value. | ||
| Robert Morris (a Philadelphia merchant) and Alex Hamilton planned to convince military officers to camp at Newburgh, New York and threaten with a coup d'etat (the overthrowing of the government) unless the treasury got the authority to tax people to get the money together to raise the military officers' pay. George Washington heard about the conspiracy and gave a passionate speech to his men to make them unwilling to proceed. | ||
| 1785: It defined the basic unit of settlemtn as a town which was six square miles, then divided into 36 square 640-acre areas. One of those plots was a source of income for the schools. 1787: It defined the steps for creation and admission for new states. It designated north of Ohio as the Northwest territory, and provided for later division into states. It forbade slavery for territories, but could legalize slavery when it became a state. The 3 stages for admitting states: 1. Initial settlement (They would appoint a territorial governor and judges.) 2. When 5,000 adult males lived there, they could write a temporary constitution and elect a legislature to pass territorial laws. 3. When the total population reached 60,000 settlers, they could write a state constitution, which Congress would approve before granting them statehood. It set basic principles for surveying the frontier, allowed government at early stages of settlement, and gave reasonable standards for statehood. | ||
| He was a Mohawk native. He inspiried other natives to resist colonization. He was courageous, educated, and skillful in diplomacy. He helped organize the natives into a military alliance. | ||
| Daniel Shays was a farmer and former officer during the Revoluation War. He led 2,000 men to try and shut down courts in western counties because of the depression and raised taxes (trying to pay off whole debt in only three years). Shays won and took control of Massachusett's legislature, cut taxes, and secured a pardon for their leader. The rebellion was not very violent and had a limited agenda, bt showed that the national government was weak under the Articles of Confederation. People wanted a stronger government. | ||
| Presented by James Madison. Called for a bicameral legislature where there was a fixed representation in both houses proportional to state population. | ||
| Presented by William Paterson. Called for a single chamber where each state had an equal vote. | ||
| Called for an equal vote in the upper house and a proportional vote in the lower. | ||
| Federalists: For the Constitution. Balanced the relations between state and national governments. [Federalists had the advantage in funds and newspapers that supported the Constitution.] Anti-Federalists: No division of power is possible. There cannot be balance. They are suspicious of concentrated power and the Constitution would give the national government too much power. [They lost votes due to lack of support.] | ||
| These papers were a response to Anti-Federalist objects in New York. They were written by Alex Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. A compilation of 85 political essays. They did not affect votes, but showed the intention of the framers of the Constitution. They said the Constitution's main purpose was to protect minority rights from the majority, and stop the minority from stubbornly blocking the majority. | ||
| There were restrictions on exports, foreign efforts to keep Americans from settling in the frontier, and delayed compensation for creditors. | ||
| Indians: Western colonists were hostile towards natives and killed them whenever possible. England: Bitter to the British. Spain: They got money favors from the Spanish in return for vague promises of good will towards them which were rarely kept. | ||
| South: There were crop failures, so they had a bad economy. Mid-Atlantic: Steady foodstuffs demand and higher prices gave them a good economy. New England: Burdened with a short growing season, bad soil, overpopulation, and high taxes. | ||
| He suggested very few laws to Congress, did not speak out against opponents of government policies, balanced his cabinet with people from both North and South. Supported Hamilton. He believed the role of the people was to choose well-educated, politically sophistocated people to make laws on behalf of the people's best interest. He dreaded dying in office because he did not want to set the precedent for life-long leadership, so he retired. | ||
| Created the federal court system. It established the federal district court for each state and let them operate by local procedures. | ||
| The first 10 amendments. First eight of them are personal liberties. The next two gave the power not given to the federal government in the Constitution to the people and states. | ||
| Said that a state could be sued by nonresidents. Congress revised this decision later in the 11th Amendment because they felt the Court had encroached too far on states' authority. 11th Amendment made it so that private citizens could no longer undermine states' financial autonomy by using federal courts to sue another states' government in civil cases and claim money from that states' treasury. Congress expressed recongnition that federal power could treaten vital local interests. One of handful of instances where Supreme Court was overruled by a constitutional amendment. | ||
| He formed the financial proposals to strenghten the nation and lessened the threat of disunion. He was concerned with national security (states trying to reassert power over the government). He thought the governments survival required the support of infulential people by appealing to their financial interests. | ||
| He had an idea to fund the national debt by selling new securities or bonds (which were money) or land, where those who kept the bonds would get 4% interest. The government would pay off the state debts along with the national one with money earned from purchased security bonds/purchased land. Legislatures followed the plan to not tax voters mor e than they already did, and kept some debts with people by only paying off the interest each year to keep them dependent on the success of the government. Objections to this: The least deserving gain the most. Rich are rewarded, while normal people are ignored. South did not like it. | ||
| Hamilton/For the National Bank: It would cost taxpayers nothing and would benefit the nation. It was a safe place for money, it could loan out money, and gave paper money to fix the scarcity of hard cash. Most importantly, it would provide the credit necessary to expand the economy. Jefferson/Against the National Bank: A small elite group is given special powers to influence the govnerment (which is corruption) and it is unconstitutional because there is no authorization to issue the charter of incorporation for the bank. | ||
| Hamilton was a Federalist. Federalists supported a central, national government. Southerners do not like Federalists. | ||
| Causes: A tax on whiskey. Western Pennsylvania did not like the tax. For tax evading cases, they had to go to federal courts, which was 300 miles away. They caused a rio and flew a flag that represented an independent country made out of six western counties. Results: The militia was sent to arrest people. | ||
| He tried to neutralize Spain's native allies, the Creek Indians. The government noticed that the frontier was chaotic, so set up laws to keep people off native land, punished crimes commited by non-natives on native land, outlawed alcohol, regulated trade, and encouraged natives to be civilized (but they refused to abandon their culture/lands). This failed because the Spanish got the Creeks to undo the Treaty of New York (a peace treaty) with the US and resumed hostilities. This convinced colonists that they needed an alliance with France to balance the power against the natives, Britain, and Spain hostilities. | ||
| West and South hoped for French victory in Europe that would leave Britain and Spain too militarily exhausted to continue meddling in the West. | ||
| France dispatched him to try to mobilize US citizens to attack and conquer Spanish territory and attack British ships. Washington issued a statement of neutrality concerning the war. Genet found volunteers against the Spanish in the south anyways. | ||
| British would inspect American crews for British subjects who they could impress (forcibly enlist) as the king's sailors because Britain was trying to bring runaway sailors back. | ||
| It opened most of modern-day Ohio to white settlement and ended Indian hostilities for 16 years. Anthony Wayne convinced tribes to sign it. | ||
| Britain promised the withdrawal of their troops from American soil, the US gained access to West Indian markets for small American ships in exchange for the loss of US rights to load certain Caribbean cargo. It made British free to ruin neutrality and ruin commerce with France during wartime. It failed the end impressment or give compensation for property seized by the Royal Navy. It settled the claims of British merchants who owed American debts. It was a big expansion for US trade. | ||
| It gave westerners the right of unrestricted, duty-free access to world markets via the Mississippi River. Spain recognized the thirty-first parallel as the united States' southern boundary, they promised to dismantle all fortifications on American soil and to discourag Indian attacks against western settlers. | ||
| Federalists: Northerners, conservative, dislike the French, like the British, against "mob rule", candidates are chosen by personal merits to represent the citizens, so representative government. The wealthy and educated rule the country, because Federalists believed strong relationships between the government and the upperclass was important. Republicans: Southerners, like the French, dislike the British, power goes to the citizens, they wanted to spread political participation. | ||
| It tried to turn the public opinion against Federalists with the publication of the first opposition newspaper in the US. Wrote in opposition to many government policies. Formed dozens of Democratic/Republican societies, which Federalists were critical about. | ||
| During this time, they thought that parties were corrupt because basically national political factions. Because newspapers were cheap and the press molded public opinion, newspaper popularity increased. | ||
| Washington's farewell address condemned political parties and advised the neutrality of the United States in foreign policies. | ||
| It was the first time the political elite mobilized the US into interest on public affairs. Though the Republicans gained the support of immigrants, the Federalists managed to win the election of 1796. (John Adams = president, Thomas Jefferson = vice president) | ||
| US sent peace commissioners to Paris to avoid war after the XYZ affair, but he would not meet with them until he got $250,000 from them and the French government got a $12 million loan. It was called the XYZ affair because the French spoke through three anonymous men, known simply as X, Y, and Z. The barefaced request for a bribe angered the US. It discredited the Republicans' foreign policy views. Congress responded to the XYZ affair by arming ships to protect commerce. | ||
| Alien Enemies Act- outlined procedures for determining whether the citizens of a hostile country posed a threat to the U.S. Alien Friends Act- authorized the president to expel any foreign residents whose activities he considered dangerous Naturalization Act- To reduce Irish voting, they increased the residency requirement for U.S. citizenship from 5 to 14 years, where the last 5 years have to be in one state. Sedition Act- forbade an individual group to oppose any measure or measures of the United States | ||
| Declared that state legislatures had never surrendered their right to judge the constitutionality of federal actions and that they had retained their authority to protect the liberties of their citizens (called 'interposition'. | ||
| It was Jefferson versus Hamilton. Both of them dicouraged radicalism to try and avoid a civil war. Republicans won, so Jefferson became president, with Aaron Burr as vice president. It showed that the Federalists were willing to create a base of support for the government through special-interest legislation. Considered a revolution because it was the first peaceful exchange of power. | ||
| Their population decreased. They were plagued with disease, battles, and famine. They gave up their land, fought with each other, and drank. New agricultural methods were implemented since they gave up a large portion of their land, they had to grow crops a certain way to make use of the land they had left. | ||
| North: More free blacks than in the south. They outlawed the slave trade. If a white person killed a black person, the white person could be executed. Most states dropped restrictions on free blacks' freedom of movement and protected their property. Some states let them vote. | ||
| Required judges to award possession of a runaway slave upon any formal request by a master or his representative. It denied jury trials and black people were refused permission to show proof of their freedom. Denied freed blacks their rights as citizens, stated in the Bill of Rights. | ||
| More than a thousand slaves assembled weapons and planned to march to Richmond, but Governor Monroe put down the conspiracy by sending militiamen to execute thirty-five slaves, including their leader, Gabriel Prosser. | ||
| Dispassionate man, but aroused deep emotions in others. Vigilant defender of popular liberty, an aristocrat who trusted the people. People who hated him thought he was a infidel and a frenzied radical. He had many facets. He considered himself a strong friend of equality, but had over 200 slaves. | ||
| In 1801, Thomas jefferson ordered a naval squadron into action in the Mediterranean against these pirates of North African. Most European powers just agreed and paid the pirates (otherwise, the pirates would capture seamen and hold them for ransom or sell them into slavery) for protection while trading. Jefferson calculated that it was cheaper to go to war with them than to pay tribute. In 1805, a peace treaty with Tripoli was ratified for roughly half the price of what they would have paid annually in tribute. | ||
| Federalist sponsored. Appeared to be nonpartisan by creating 16 new federal judges, the act promised to relieve Supreme Court justices of having to travel long distances to hear cases, but it included a provision to reduce the number of Supreme Court justices from 6 to 5. This threatened both to strip Jefferson of his opportunity to appoint a justice and to gave Federalists dominance in the judiciary. Federalists were retreating into the judiciary. | ||
| ESTABLISHED JUDICIAL REVIEW. Allows Supreme Court to challenge the constitutionality of pretty much anything. President Jefferson failed to turn in the commission to appoint Marbury as justice of peace before midnight, so Madison refused to release it. Marubyr petitioned for a writ of mandamus (order commanding for specific action to be taken) on Madison to make the delivery. | ||
| The Federalist chief justice who was also the author of the Judiciary Act of1801. Presided over the cases of Marbury v. Madison, Dartmouth v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden. | ||
| Napoleon needed money to recommence his war in Europe so he sold the land to the US. 1/4 of the money the US paid was to pay off French debts owed to American citizens. Jefferson doubted the constitutionality because the Constitution did not explicity say anything about getting more territory or whether they could incorporate it into the Union. | ||
| Louisiana Purchase was a bargain and a surprise package because no one knew where the mountains to the west of Mississippi were. Picked Lewis/Clark to trace the Mississippi to its source, cross the western highlands and follow the best water route to the Pacific. Jefferson stressed the commercial possibilities that the expedition might uncover, such as trading pelts with Indians. Actually, his main focus was to obtain accurate measurements of latitude/longitude, gather info about Native American languages and customs, and to learn about climate, plants, birds, reptiles, insects, and volcanoes. | ||
| In one conspiracy, he joined a faction of extreme Federalists in New England. They planned to sever the Union by forming a pro-British "Northern Confederacy" composed of Nova Scotia, New England, New York and Pennsylvania. He was thwarted by Hamilton. In another conspiracy, Burr and Wilkinson (governor of Lousiana territory) conspired to separate the western states into an independent confederacy south of the Ohio River. Wilkinson ended up betraying Burr, causing Burr to be put on trial for treason. He was charged not guilty because he was caught before actually committing treason. | ||
| A group of Republican dissenters who were led by John Randolph. He liked the "country" ideology that celebrated the honest wisdom of farmers and he warned against the tendency of government to encroach on liberty. Country ideology was the ideology for those without power. | ||
| Seizure of American merchant ships and forcing British sailors who had deserted the British Royal Navy into service again. | ||
| British Warship Leopard attacked the American frigate Chesapeake and forced it to surrender. The British boarded the vessel and seized four deserters. Only one was actually a deserter. Other three left legally. This made America angry. There was a small attempt at negotiation, which failed, so they passed the Embargo Act. | ||
| Embargo Act : Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports. Technically prohibited only exports, but its practical effect was to stop imports as well. By restricting French and British trade with US, he hoped to pressure both nations into respecting America. British found new markets in South America, so not much effect on them. There was a loophole allowing ships blown off course to land in English ports, so many sailors lied and said they had been blown across the Atlantic... LOL) Long term effects: 30,000 American seamen found themselves out of work. Merchants went bankrupt and jails were filled with debtors. However, it forced merchants to invest in manufacturing, so America began to make their own products. | ||
| Replaced the Embargo Act. Opened American trade to all nations except Britain and France and authorized the president to restore trade with either nation if it ceased to violate neutral rights. It failed to persuade them, again. | ||
| James Madison, Republican, won. There was a slight Federalist revival though due to the national issue of the Embargo Act and young Federalists who used newer vote getting techniques. | ||
| Led by Henry Clay. They were young Congressmen in the House of Representatives who were against the British and preferred war over peace. | ||
| From South Carolina. Was a War Hawk. Future vice president. Said that the causes for war with Britain was basically the convinction by Calhoun and others that British policy was damaging the American economy. | ||
| With the support of the other "war hawks" such as Calhoun, Richard M. Johnson and William R. King, Clay was elected to the speaker of the House instead of Nathaniel Macon. American System - Called for federal support of internal improvements, tariff protection for new industries, and the creation of the National Bank. Aimed to make the nation economically self sufficient and free from dependency on Europe. | ||
| Tecumseh was the Shawnee chief, and the Prophet was his half-brother. Native American society was being ravaged by alcoholism and loss of land to the whites so Tecumseh and the Prophet tried to unify their people and revive traditional Native American virtues. They both believed that to be "revived" one had to purge themselves of liquor and other "corrupting messengers of white civilization" For example, Tecumseh refused to learn English because it as a "white way". In the Battle of Tippecanoe, the Shawnees were beaten and the Prophet's Town was destroyed, causing Tecumseh to join the British. | ||
| Causes were impressment, continued presence of British ships in American waters, and British violations of neutral rights. Also, British provoked Indians into fighting America. The economic recession that affected the South and West after 1808 because British policy was damaging America's economy. Finally, the fact that Madison was president and not Jefferson because Jefferson believed that the motive behind British seizures of American ships was Britain trying to block American trade with France. Madison thought Britain's real motive was to permanently destroy American trade and therefore eliminate US as a trading rival. | ||
| In 1813, General Harrison tried to retake Detroit. He realized that offense is useless as long as British control Lake Erie. Later, after the British lost the Erie area and pulled away from Detroit, Harrison overtook and defeated the British and Indian mixed coalition stationed there. | ||
| Constructed a fleet of ships out of green wood, cannons captured of a raid, and supplies from Pittsburgh. Encountered and destroyed a British squadron on September 10, 1813, which gave William Henry Harrison the opportunity to take Detroit by defeating the British/Indian group. | ||
| August 1814. Negotiations to end the war were held in Ghent, Belgium. It restored status quo ante bellum : State of affairs before the war. It did not mention impressment because it was no longer a problem at that time. | ||
| Because the news of the end of the war by the Treaty of Ghent did not reach America, Pakenham's forces attacked Jackson's troops. There were more than 2,000 British casualities and only 13 American ones. | ||
| A Federalist convention in Hartford, Connecticut. Moderates passed a series of resolutions summarizing New England's grievances. There was a rooted belief that New England was becoming a minority in a nation dominated by Republicans who didn't understand New England's commercial interests. Tried to abolish the 3/5 clause, which gave South disproportionate amount of votes due to number of slaves. Also tried to require a 2/3s vote of Congress to declare war and to admit new states into the Union, limit president to only 1 term, prohibit election of 2 successive presidents from same state, repeal embargoes lasting more than 60 days. The ultimate goal was to assert states' rights and prevent disunion, but the rest of the nation felt as if they were treasonous. This was the death of the Federalist party. | ||
| This short era began as Republicans began adopting positions that they once disdained. Also, the war had eliminted some divisive issues and Moneroe tried to avoid political controversy as much as he could. Unfortunately, this era did not last long. | ||
| Chief Justice John Marshall presided over this court case. Centered on question of whether New Hampshire could transform a private corporation (Dartmouth College) into a state university . Marshall concluded that it was unconstitutional. Once a state had chartered a college or business; it surrendered both its power to alter the charter and its authority to regulate the beneficiary. | ||
| Chief Justice John Marshall presided over this court case. Questioned whether the state of Maryland had the power to tax a national corporation (the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the US). States could not interfere with the exercise of federal powers. "Implied powers" (part of the elastic clause) were brought up too. | ||
| a. Agreed to admit Maine as a free state to pave the way for Missouri's admission as a slave state. b. Prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri. c. Prohibited Missouri from discriminating against citizens of other states but left open the issue of whether free blacks were citizens. | ||
| Republican. Monroe's secretary of state. He strengthened peace with Britain as one of the negotiators for the Treaty of Ghent. He also became minister of Russia. | ||
| Demilitarized the Great Lakes by severely restricting the number of ships that British/America could maintain there. | ||
| Also known as Transcontinental Treaty. Spain ceded East Florida to United States, renounced claims to all of West Florida, and agreed to border (in the south) to split Spanish and American lands. It was the United States' first legitimate claim to the western coast. | ||
| 1. Unless American interests were involved, America was to abstain from European wars. 2. European powers cannot colonize America. 3. United States would interpret any attempts at colonization of America as an unfriendly act. | ||
| Congress authorized funds in 1816 for the construction of the National Road (to facilitate soldiers who had enlisted during the War of 1812 in return of promises of land after the war, and were now moving west to farm on those lands). This revolution contributed to the rapid growth of cities and towns, as well as the failure of others. Also, it allowed for more interregional trade, which in turn, contributed to the growth of cities and towns. | ||
| Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. These tribes had a minority of mixed people who embraced Christianity and white agriculture. A written language and newspaper were created. These assimilated natives were generally more willing to sell away native land and move west. There was internal conflict in tribes due to the white ideals of mixed bloods clashing with the more traditional ideals of full bloods. | ||
| granted the president funds and authority to remove Native Americans by force if necessary. | ||
| In 1831. Chief Justice John Marshall said that the Cherokees were neither a state nor a foreign nation and hence lacked standing to bring suit, but acknowledged that prolonged occupancy gave the Cherokees a right to their land. A year later, he clarified their legal position in the case, Worchester v. Georgia. | ||
| This case clarified the legal position of the Cherokees. The conclusion was that the Cherokees were a "domestic dependent nation" entitled to federal protection from the molestation of Georgia. | ||
| After a few traitors sold the Cherokees' land in a sneaky deal without the consent of the majority of the group, the Cherokees were forced to walk west. 2,000 to 4,000 of the total 16,000 Cherokees died. | ||
| Black Hawk resisted removal, so federal troops annihilated Black Hawk (an Indian resistance leader) and his followers. This convinced other tribes into ceding their lands, since they saw that resistance was futile. | ||
| There was an increase in farmers entering the market economy type of lifestyle after the War of 1812 because of high cash crop prices. The growing of a cash crop to sell in local or distant markets is market economy, compared to subsistence farming, which is growing crops with the intention of feeding the family and not selling those crops. Cash crops were sold to people whom the farmers themselves frequently never met, in places that they never saw. Farmers had no control over the fluctuations of distant markets. Forced farmers into short-term debt in the hope of long-term profit. | ||
| Parisan views and pressures caused policies to change. They lowered the price of land per acre and lowered the minimum purchase from 640 acres to 320 acres. Land speculation and purchases increased significantly. | ||
| Squatters were an independent and proud lot, scornful of their fellow citizens. They formed claims associations to police land auctions, preventing speculators from bidding up the price of land, as well as pressured Congress to allow them "preemption" rights, which were the right to purchase at the minimum price land that they had already settled on and improved. Eventually, Congress gave in and gave a general right to preemption. | ||
| Causes: Good crops in Europe and a business recession in Britain. Also, overemission of state bank notes. The state banks could not redeem all of the bank notes in specie (gold and silver coinage), so went into debt with the national bank. To pay back the national bank, the state banks forced people to repay loans. As people hoarded their money to try and get enough money to pay back their loans, no money was circulating. No crops were purchased from farmers, no land was purchased from land spectators. Results: There was obvious economic damage and the citizens began to dislike the bank, if they already did not dislike it, and it showed how vulnerable the US was to foreign competition. | ||
| Robert Livingston and Robert Fulton successfully introduced a steamboat (Clermont) and gained a monopoly to run a ferry service. | ||
| Chief Justice John Marshall presided over this court case. In 1824, he ruled that commerce included not merely the exchange of products but navigation as well. In the case of a conflict between state and congressional regulation, Congress prevails since the power to regulate commerce is clearly given to them in the Constitution. Decided against the monopoly. | ||
| The longest and first major canal in the western world. Started by New York state, and when linked with the Husdon River and Lake Erie, allowed for transportation all the way to Ohio. | ||
| I. The Embargo Act of 1807 persuaded merchants who were barred from foreign trade to redirect their capital into factories. II. The War of 1812 sparked support for protective tariffs for ending America's economic dependence on Europe. III. A popular preference for factory-made rather than home-made products developed wherever the transportation revolution reached. IV. Immigrants who taught Americans about machinery. Also, American artisans freely experimented with machines outside their craft because they did not specialize in guilds, and the relatively high wages paid to American workers gave manufacturers an incentive to find substitutes for expensive hand labor in order make products as quickly and cheaply as possible (interchangeable parts). | ||
| He taught the US the secrets of textile production as his experience as an English mechanic. Though it was illegal for English mechanics to emmigrate, therefore spreading their knowledge, he disguised himself and left England. He established the first permanent American mill for spinning cotton into yarn. He used the "putting out system", which gave the job of actually weaving the yarn to women working in their homes. This system reinforced the traditional positions of the household, or "cottage", industry, which kept families together with males working on the farms and females at home, with children being able to stay near their parents. | ||
| Slater's mills used the "putting out system", which gave the job of actually weaving the yarn to women working in their homes. This system reinforced the traditional positions of the household, or "cottage", industry, which kept families together with males working on the farms and females at home, with children being able to stay near their parents. | ||
| They were larger than Slater's mills because more money was invested into them and they hired a much larger work force. They produced finished products and thus challenged the cottage industries that Slater's system had sustained. However, they upset the traditional ordering of New England society by separating 15 to 30 year old women from the rest of the family. The corporations enforced high moral standards to give the mills a good reputation so that New England farm girls would continue to be attracted into factory work. |
