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| 265143753 | manifest destiny | a theory that states that the US should control from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean (control the continent from sea to shining sea) | |
| 265143754 | Henry Clay | United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852), Whig senator who helped make the Compromise of 1850 | |
| 265143755 | Stephen Austin | leader of American colony in Texas, (November 3, 1793 - December 27, 1836), known as the Father of Texas, led the Anglo American colonization of the region. A city and county in Texas are named in his honor. | |
| 265143756 | general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | President of Mexico., Commanded the Mexican army at Gonzales, in 1853 sold territory to the United States including that area known as the Gadsden Purchase. | |
| 265143757 | Alamo mission | located in San Antonio, Texas. Where the Mexican Army, under Santa Anna, defeated the Texas "patriots" (a group that included, among others, the renowned frontiersman and former Tennessee congressman Davy Crockett) in 1836. | |
| 265143758 | Davy Crockett | Helped the Texans win independence from Mexico, frontiersmen and former Tennessee congressmen. One of the "patriots," that valiantly died fighting Santa Anna and the Mexican army at the Alamo in San Antonio. | |
| 265143759 | Oregon country | term used in the early 1800's for the region that includes present day oregon,washington,idaho, parts of wyoming,montana,and pats of canada., 49th parallel established by US and Britain a boundary for Oregon | |
| 265143761 | northwest territory | the vast territory of land that included present-day Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin; was politically organized in 1787 | |
| 265143762 | Mormons | church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah | |
| 265143763 | Martin Van Buren | 8th U.S. President. 1837-1841. Democratic, Jackson's vice-president during his second term; 8th president of the United States, a Democratic-Republican Senator from New York, rallied the factory workers of the North in support of Jackson. He became Jackson's V.P. after Calhoun resigned. New York politics at that time was controlled by a clique of wealthy land-owners known as the Albany Regency, of which he became the leader. | |
| 265143764 | James K. Polk | democrat, 11th President, led US to war with Mexico, President of United States who had territorial aspirations, leading to conflict with Mexico, resulting in a war. | |
| 265143765 | dark horse | In politics, a candidate with little apparent support who unexpectedly wins a nomination or election. Polk was an example. | |
| 265143766 | fifty-four forty or fight | Joint control worked for over a decade and a half but ultimately, the parties decided that joint occupancy wasn't working well so they set about to divide Oregon. Treaty of Oregon in 1846. | |
| 265143767 | liberty party | A somewhat pro-abolition political party formed in 1840. Their presidential candidate was James G. Birney, an anti-slavery leader from Kentucky. This party supported "free soil"- no slavery in the territories. | |
| 265143768 | Zachary Taylor | American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States.achieved fame while leading U.S. troops to victory at several critical battles of the Mexican-American War. A Southern slaveholder who opposed the spread of slavery to the territories, he was uninterested in politics but was recruited by the Whig Party as their nominee in the 1848 presidential election | |
| 265143769 | Sante Fe | founded by Spanish missionaries, soldiers,and settlers located in new Mexico, City that became the capital of the Spanish colony of New Mexico | |
| 265143770 | John Sutter | built a trading post/cattle ranch that attracted people to California, Swiss immigrant owning land on which gold was discovered in California | |
| 265143771 | annexationists | People who wanted the United States to expand under Manifest Destiny. They supported adding territories like Oregon, California and Texas to the United States. | |
| 265143772 | Mexican War | after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000 | |
| 265143773 | General Winfield Scott | was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history. Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, the American Civil War. | |
| 265143774 | treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | treaty signed in 1848 by the US and Mexico, ending the Mexico-American war | |
| 265143775 | Wilmont Proviso | Law passed in 1846 that banned slavery in any territories won by the US from Mexico. | |
| 265143776 | popular sovereignty | The concept that a States people should vote whether to be a slave state or Free | |
| 265143777 | Compromise of 1850 | series of measures that were intended to settle the disagreements between free states and slave states, forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession | |
| 265143778 | John C. Calhoun | South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification, (1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the South. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the South. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. | |
| 265143779 | Stephen Douglas | Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine | |
| 265143780 | Millard Fillmore | Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise. | |
| 265143781 | free-soil party | party that supported wilmot proviso, the Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico | |
| 265143782 | fugitive slave act | Stringent set of laws that allows Southern slave-catchers to pursue slaves into the north. | |
| 265143783 | Gadsden purchase | established the current borders of the lower 48 states, 1853 purchase of more land for purpose of building intercontinental railroad | |
| 265143784 | bleeding Kansas | nickname given to the Kansas territory because of the bloody violence there over the issue of slavery | |
| 265143786 | Pottawatomie massacre | When John Brown (abolitionist) and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas. | |
| 265143787 | Charles Sumner | leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction | |
| 265143788 | republican party, pre civil war | Formed after Kansas-Nebraska Act, the name was first used by Thomas Jefferson's party, later called the Democratic Republican party or, simply, the Democratic party. The name reappeared in the 1850s, when the present-day party was founded. At that time the crucial issue of the extension of slavery into the territories split the Democratic party and the Whig party, and opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 organized this new party | |
| 265143789 | gag-rule | A gag rule is a rule that limits or forbids the raising, consideration or discussion of a particular topic by members of a legislative or decision-making body, the gagging of anti-slavery petitions by Congress occurred from 1835 to 1844. | |
| 265143790 | James Buchanan | Antebellum president who claimed that secession was illegal but going to war was also illegal, indecisive, Fifteenth President | |
| 265143791 | Dred Scott vs Sanford | supreme court case that ruled slaves were not citizens and declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional | |
| 265143792 | Justice Roger Taney | Supreme Court Justice who ruled in the Dred Scott Case | |
| 265143793 | Abraham Lincoln | U.S. statesmen, 16th president. Led Union to victory in Civil War. Assassinated. | |
| 265143795 | California gold rush | Trigger by discovery at Sutter's Mill, leads to mass migration to California | |
| 265143796 | the liberator | An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed. | |
| 265143797 | Amistad | Spanish slave ship; slaves took over ship and were caught off US coast; sued for freedom in US Supreme court; slaves were ultimately freed by court because they were taken illegally | |
| 265143798 | underground railroad | a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada | |
| 265143799 | Kansas-Nebraska act | This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were pro-slavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. | |
| 265218757 | Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the Confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War | |
| 265218758 | Boarder States | States between the North and South that were technically slave states, but did NOT leave the Union | |
| 265218759 | Alabama | British built Confederate commerce raider responsible for capturing over 60 vessels | |
| 265218760 | Homestead Act | Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. | |
| 265218761 | Jefferson Davis | an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 | |
| 265218762 | Elizabeth Blackwell | First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S. | |
| 265218763 | Clara Barton | Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross | |
| 265218764 | First Bull Run | 1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side | |
| 265218765 | Second Bull Run | Conflict between Lee and General John Pope in August 1862, ending in a decisive victory by Lee that led to increased confidence and an attempt to convince Maryland to secede, | |
| 265218766 | Gettysburg | The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863. | |
| 265218767 | Gettysburg Address | speech by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg, key ideas were liberty, equality, and democratic ideas; purpose of war was to protect those ideas | |
| 265218768 | Vicksburg | Grant's best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union | |
| 265218769 | Thirteenth Amendment | the constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. | |
| 265218770 | Fourteenth Amendment | a constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians | |
| 265218771 | Fifteenth Amendment | Ratified 1870 - No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage. | |
| 265218772 | copperheads | a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War | |
| 265218773 | Thomas J. 'Stonewall' Jackson | general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863) | |
| 265218774 | Sherman | United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West, he captured Atlanta and led a destructive march to the sea that cut the Confederacy in two (1820-1891) | |
| 265218775 | George B. McClellan | a general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice. | |
| 265218776 | Ulysses S. Grant | an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. | |
| 265218777 | '10 percent' reconstruction plan | Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation. | |
| 265218778 | Black Codes | Southern state laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves | |
| 265218779 | Carpetbaggers / Scalawags | A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts. | |
| 265218780 | Thaddeus Stevens | Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress. | |
| 265218781 | Andrew Johnson | 17th President of the United States, was elected Vice President and succeeded Lincoln when Lincoln was assassinated; was impeached but acquitted by one vote (1808-1875) | |
| 265218782 | Oliver O. Howard | Union general who headed the Freedmen's Bureau |
