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| 513177464 | Market Revolution | Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the dev of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR. | |
| 513177465 | National Road | First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition., A federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois | |
| 513177466 | Robert Fulton | American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) | |
| 513177467 | Erie Canal | A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. | |
| 513177468 | Samuel Slater | He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine. | |
| 513177469 | Lowell System | was a paternalistic textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods | |
| 513177470 | Panic of 1819 | This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, backrushes, bank failures, unemployment and soup kitchens. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy. | |
| 513177471 | Spoils System | the practice of victorious politicians rewarding their followers with government jobs | |
| 513177472 | Andrew Jackson | .As president he opposed the Bank of US, did not allow individual states to nullify federal laws, was responsible for the Indian Removal Act, the "Trail of Tears". Created Spoils System | |
| 513177473 | Democratic Party | One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights | |
| 513177474 | Whigs | conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster | |
| 513177475 | Indian Removal Act | Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. | |
| 513177476 | Black Hawk War | Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox people murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi | |
| 513177477 | Worcester v Georgia | Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it | |
| 513177478 | Trail of Tears | The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | |
| 513177479 | tariff of Abominations | The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings. | |
| 513177480 | Nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution. | |
| 513177481 | John C. Calhoun | (1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. | |
| 513177482 | Force Bill | 1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act. | |
| 513177483 | Henry Clay | Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state | |
| 513177484 | Bank War | Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew government money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks" | |
| 513177485 | Daniel Webster | Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union. | |
| 513177486 | 2nd Bank of the United States | It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819. | |
| 513634699 | Pet Banks | A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836. | |
| 513634700 | Veto Power | the formal, constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress, thus preventing their becoming law without further congressional action. | |
| 513634701 | Specie Circular | issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed. | |
| 513634702 | Panic of 1837 | When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | |
| 513634703 | Martin Van Buren | a Democratic-Republican Senator from New York, rallied the factory workers of the North in support of Jackson. He became Jackson's V.P. after Calhoun resigned. Also became the leader of the Albany Regency, a clique of wealthy landowners who controlled New York politics. | |
| 513793924 | William Henry Harrison | was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. | |
| 513793925 | Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign | It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man sprung from the people when in reality he was rich. It won Harrison the election. Campaigning among the masses. | |
| 513793926 | Manifest Destiny | This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. | |
| 513793927 | Oregon Trail | Pioneer trail that began in Missouri and crossed the Great Plains into the Oregon Territory; main route across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains; after the coming of the railroad, the trail fell into disuse and was finally abandoned in the 1870s | |
| 513793928 | Fort Laramie Conference | whites agreed to stay off certain areas of Indian land (beginning of reservations) | |
| 513793929 | Mormons/Brigham Young | In 1847, a group of these people led by this man (leader after Joseph Smith was killed in 1844) followed Oregon Trail to Utah where they built a new settlement called Salt Lake City. | |
| 513888389 | Santa Anna | Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war. | |
| 513888390 | Alamo | the mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico | |
| 513888391 | Sam Houston | United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863), First president of the Republic of Texas | |
| 513888392 | John Tyler | elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery | |
| 513888393 | James K. Polk | Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny. | |
| 513888394 | "54' 40' or Fight | slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk. | |
| 513888395 | Mexican American War | Polk wanted tdo also aquire California/New Mexico region. Polk resorted to an agressive method by sending troops to disputed area. US declared war on Mex. when hostilities arose. Americans captured Mexico City. Santa Anna fled, war ended | |
| 513888396 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | February 2 1848. The agreement between President Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grand as the boundary of Texas. In return, the US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million. | |
| 513888397 | Ostend Manifesto | a document drawn up in 1854 that instructed the buying of Cuba from Spain, then suggested the taking of Cuba by force It caused outrage among Northerners who felt it was a Southern attempt to extend slavery as states in Cuba would be southern states. | |
| 513888398 | Gadsden Purchase | Strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that was acquired by the U.S. in 1853 for $10 million. | |
| 513888399 | 49ers | People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold. | |
| 518742458 | Separate spheres | Middle-class ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens, with women running the household and men earning money outside it. | |
| 518742459 | cult of domesticity | the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house | |
| 518742460 | horace mann | Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. | |
| 518742461 | normal schools | two year institutions that developed in the early 1800's to prepare prospective elementary teachers | |
| 518742462 | charles finney | urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals | |
| 518742463 | american colonization society | A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country. | |
| 518742464 | William Lloyd Garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. | |
| 518742465 | Grimke Sisters | Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in an aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities. | |
| 518742466 | Temperance | movement to ban the drinking of alcohol | |
| 518742467 | Hudson River School | Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River | |
| 518742468 | Transcendantalism | Belief that people could transcend or rise above the material things in life such as money and personal belongings | |
| 518742469 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | transcendentalist, Lecturer that expressed the individualistic mood. Argued for self reliance,independent thinking, and the primacy of spiritual matters over material ones. | |
| 518742470 | Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. | |
| 518742471 | Utopian Communities | an experimental community designed to be a perfect society, in which its members could live together in harmony | |
| 518742472 | Industrial Evolution | Term referring to America's economic transformation in the 1840s and 1850s, which included a greater concentration of population in urban areas, the adoption of steam power, the expansion of industry, and an increase in agricultural productivity. Although these developments marked important shifts in the nation's economy, they did not displace agricultural dominance or older methods of production. | |
| 518742473 | John Deere | United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886) | |
| 518742474 | Cyrus McCormick | Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America. | |
| 518742475 | American System | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. | |
| 518742476 | Eli Whitney | an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged | |
| 518742477 | Free Labor | the northern belief that slavery was dangerous not because of its effect on blacks, but because of what it threatened to do to whites, they argued that at the heart of American democracy was the right of all citizens to own property, to control their own labor, and to have access to opportunities for advancement. | |
| 518742478 | Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | |
| 518742479 | Dorthea Dix | dedicated to improving conditions for the mentally ill. led movement to build new mental hospitals and improve existing ones | |
| 518742480 | Seneca Falls Convention | Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote. | |
| 518742481 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A prominent advocate of women's rights, Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott | |
| 518742482 | Susan B. Anthony | leader of woman suffrage movement, who helped to define the movement's goals and beliefs and to lead its actions | |
| 518742483 | Declaration of Sentiments | Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women. | |
| 518742484 | Frederick Douglass | United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895) | |
| 518742485 | Harriet Tubman | American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. |
