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| 63797799 | Ohio gang | group of politicians and industry leaders who came to be associated with President Warren G. Harding; responsible for the Teapot Dome scandal | |
| 63797800 | Teapot Dome Scandal | bribery scandal involving land with oil reserves; destroyed Harding's reputation | |
| 63797801 | Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon | secretary of treasury for Harding; embraced "trickle-down" theory | |
| 63797802 | Budget and Accounting Act | landmark legislation that established the framework for the modern federal budget; required the President to submit to Congress an annual budget for the entire federal government | |
| 63797803 | Bureau of the Budget | established by the Budget and Accounting Act; reviews funding requests from government departments and assist the president in formulating the budget | |
| 63797804 | Dawes plan | attempt following WWI for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany; replaced by the Young Plan | |
| 63797805 | Veterans Bureau | organization for veterans of American wars established in 1921 under President Warren G. Harding. Charles B Forbes headed it. Many scandals involved but set a basis for veteran's hospitals built later | |
| 63797806 | Bonus bill | passed under FDR. The Treasury distributed $1.5 billion in Treasury checks to the 4 million veterans | |
| 63797807 | Hawley-Smoot Tariff | raised U.S. tariffs on imported goods to record levels (second-highest in US history) Contributed to severity of the G.D. | |
| 63797808 | National Origins Act of 1924 | limited the number of immigrants to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States. Limited immigration from Europe. | |
| 63797809 | Charles Lindbergh | young pilot who flew solo across the Atlantic to Paris in 1927. Treated as a celebrity. | |
| 63797810 | T. S. Eliot | an Anglo-American poet, playwright, and literary critic of the modernist movement; famous for The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. | |
| 63797811 | F. Scott Fitzgerald | American author of novels and short stories about the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century's greatest writers. | |
| 63797812 | Theodore Dreiser | an American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for portraying characters whose value lies not in their moral code, but in their persistence against all obstacles | |
| 63797813 | Sinclair Lewis | American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright; first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature; insightful and critical views of American society and capitalist values, especially women. | |
| 63797814 | Ernest Hemingway | American writer and journalist; writing style known as the iceberg theory was characterized by economy and understatement, had an enormous influence on 20th-century fiction, as did his apparent life of adventure | |
| 63797815 | Gertrude Stein | an American writer who became a catalyst in the development of modern art and literature | |
| 63797816 | Harlem Renaissance | blossoming of African American culture, and creative arts, centered in Harlem, NY | |
| 63797817 | Langston Hughes | American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the new literary art form jazz poetry. Hughes is best-known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. He famously wrote about the Harlem Renaissance saying that "Harlem was in vogue." | |
| 63797818 | Marcus Garvey | founded the UNIA; glorified all things black, attracted many poor and working class African Americans with his parades and sense of African nationalism. Led this first mass movement in black America. | |
| 63797819 | McNary-Haugen Bill | limited agricultural sales within the US, then store/export them. Never approved | |
| 63797820 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation | US agency during the Hoover administration; gave aid to state and local gov'ts and made loans to banks, railroads, farm mortgage, and other businesses. Hoover's response to G.D. | |
| 63797821 | Bank holidays | part of the Emergency Banking Act under FDR; plan to close down bankrupt banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive | |
| 63797822 | Harry Hopkins | US Secretary of Commerce under FDR. He was one of the architects of the New Deal, especially the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Involved with the Lend-Lease Act, too. | |
| 63797823 | Huey Long | FDR's rival; preached "Share Our Wealth;" believed all families could enjoy comfortable income. | |
| 63797824 | Father Coughlin | priest and political leader; used radio to reach mass audience; Against New Deal and FDR. | |
| 63797825 | Francis Townsend | American physician; proposed "Townsend Plan" for old-age pension during the G.D.; this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system. | |
| 63797826 | John Steinbeck | an American writer. He wrote the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939) and the novella Of Mice and Men (1937). Shows Americans getting through the Depression. | |
| 63797827 | Indian Reorganization Act | a U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans. Halted the sale of tribal lands and enabled tribes to regain title to unallocated lands. | |
| 63797828 | Social Security Act | New Deal program, established a mixed federal-state system of worker's pensions; unemployment insurance; survivor's benefits for victims of industrial accidents; and aid for disabled persons and single mothers. It established the principle of federal responsibility for social welfare. | |
| 63797829 | Secretary of Labor Francis Perkins | the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet (under FDR); she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. Championed the CCC, PWA; established welfare for the poorest Americans and pensions for the elderly under the Social Security Act. | |
| 63797830 | Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) | labor union formed initially to change AFL policy from within. Broke away from AFL in 1938, and remained as AFL's largest rival labor federation. | |
| 63797831 | Alf Landon | a Republican politician, the 26th Governor of Kansas. He was best known for being the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States, destroyed in a landslide by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election. | |
| 63797832 | 100 days | Period from March to June 1933 when Congress passed major legislation submitted by Roosevelt to deal with the Depression. | |
| 63797833 | Bonus Army | Unemployed World War 1 veterans who came to Washington in the spring of 1932 to demand the immediate payment of the bonus congress had voted them in 1922. The veterans were forcibly removed from Anacostia Flats by federal troops under the command of Douglas MacArthur. | |
| 63797834 | Court packing Proposal | In the wake of Supreme Court decisions that declared key pieces of New Deal legislation unconstitutional, Roosevelt proposed increasing the number of justices. If a justice did not retire at age seventy, the President could appoint an additional justice up to a maximum of six. | |
| 63797835 | Deficit spending | The English economist John Maynard Keynes proposed that governments cut taxes and increase spending in order to stimulate investment and consumption. The effect was to increase the deficit because more money was spent than was taken in. | |
| 63797836 | Deflation | A reduction in available currency and credit that results in a decrease in the general price level. | |
| 63797837 | Hoovervilles | Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that the people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression. | |
| 63797838 | Lost Generation | Term coined by Gertrude Stein to describe American expatriate writers of the 1920s; include T. S. Eliot, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Stein herself. | |
| 63797839 | Recession | A moderate and temporary decline in the economy | |
| 63797840 | Roaring Twenties | Popular image of the decade as a period of prosperity, optimism, and changing morals; symbolized best by the "flapper." | |
| 63797841 | Sick Chicken Case | In Schechter Poultry v. U. S., the Supreme Court struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act as unconstitutional. The decision encouraged Roosevelt to consider ways to change the makeup of the court. | |
| 63797842 | Subsidy | Monetary assistance by a government to a person, group, or commercial enterprise. | |
| 63797843 | Welfare state | A social system whereby the state assumes primary responsibility for the economic and social well-being of its citizens | |
| 63797844 | "Return to Normalcy" | Campaign theme of Warren Harding during the election of 1920; it reflected the conservative mood of the country after the constant appeals to idealism that characterized both the Progressive Era and Wilson's fight over the League of Nations. | |
| 63797845 | "Share the Wealth" | Program of Huey Long that proposed the redistribution of income of the rich to give every American a guaranteed annual income of $2,000 to $3,000, old-age pensions, money for a college education, and veterans benefits. | |
| 63797846 | Washington Disarmament Conference | successful international military conference attended by nations with interest in the Pacific and East Asia (during Harding presidency) | |
| 63797847 | London Naval Conference | resulted in agreements between the major powers on navy vessel numbers, armaments and the rules of engagement in the inter-war period | |
| 63797848 | Kellogg-Briand Pact | prohibited war except in matters of self-defense | |
| 63797849 | Dawes and Young Plans | attempts following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany | |
| 63797850 | Clark Memorandum | any intervention by the U.S. was not sanctioned by the Monroe Doctrine but rather was the right of America as a state; separated the Roosevelt Corollary (Latin America) from the Monroe Doctrine (involved European countries) | |
| 63797851 | Stimson Doctrine | US policy towards Japan and China of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force | |
| 63797852 | Good Neighbor Policy | foreign policy of the administration of President Roosevelt toward Latin America; no more military intervention ("No country has the right to intervene in the internal/external affairs of another") | |
| 63797853 | Nye Committee | studied the causes of United States' involvement in World War I | |
| 63797854 | Neutrality Acts, 1935-1937 | passed in response to the growing turmoil before WWII 1935: embargo on trading war materials with all parties in a war; travel on ships at your own risk 1936: forbade all loans or credits to belligerents 1937: U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents; U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations; cash-and-carry | |
| 63797855 | Panay incident | Japanese attack on the US Navy gunboat Panay while the countries were not at war | |
| 63797856 | "Quarantine the Aggressor" | Quarantine Speech by President Roosevelt; use economic pressure as an alternative to neutrality and isolationism | |
| 63797857 | Neutrality Act of 1939 | allowed arms trade with belligerent nations on a cash and carry basis (ended the arms embargo); repealed earlier neutrality acts | |
| 63797858 | Lend-Lease Act | US supplied Allied nations with war material in return for military bases; ended US neutrality | |
| 63797859 | Atlantic Charter | blueprint for the postwar world after World War II; foundation for international agreements that currently shape the world | |
| 63797860 | America First Committee | non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II | |
| 63797861 | Casablanca Conference | planned the European strategy of the Allies during World War II | |
| 63797862 | Operation Overlord | code name for the invasion of Western Europe during World War II by Allied forces; D-Day landing at Normandy | |
| 63797863 | Tehran Conference | first World War II conference amongst the Big Three; planned the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies; also recognized Iran's independence | |
| 63797864 | Yalta Conference | discussed Europe's postwar reorganization | |
| 63797865 | Potsdam Conference | decided how to punish the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender on V-E Day; also focused on post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war | |
| 63797866 | Manhattan Project | project conducted during World War II to develop the first atomic bomb | |
| 63797867 | J. Robert Oppenheimer | scientific director of the Manhattan Project | |
| 63797868 | Hiroshima and Nagasaki | two atomic bombings against Japan during the final stages of WWII | |
| 63797869 | Executive order 9066 | ordered Japanese Americans to internment camps; signed by FDR | |
| 63797870 | Manzanar | camp where Japanese Americans were imprisoned during World War II | |
| 63797871 | A. Phillip Randolph | African-American civil rights leader; founder of both the March on Washington Movement and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a landmark for labor and particularly for African-American labor organizing | |
| 63797872 | War Production Board | regulated the production and allocation of materials and fuel during World War II in the United States; established by FDR's executive order | |
| 63797873 | Office of Price Administration | controlled prices and rents after the outbreak of World War II | |
| 63797874 | Office of War Information | government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services; coordinated war news and propaganda | |
| 63797875 | War Labor Board | arbitrated disputes between workers and employers in order to ensure labor reliability and productivity during the war; prevented work stoppages which might hinder the war effort and administered wage control in national industries | |
| 63797876 | Wendell Wilkie | Republican nominee when FDR won a third term; against New Deal policies; special ambassador to FDR | |
| 63797877 | Thomas Dewey | leader of the liberal Republicans, but lost Presidential race twice | |
| 63797878 | Blitzkrieg | German term meaning "lightning war"; term applied to the rapid German military advance into Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, and France in 1939 and 1940. | |
| 63797879 | Bracero Program | Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage; the agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1947. | |
| 63797880 | Cash and Carry | Key provisions of the Neutrality act of 1939 that allowed the United States to sell arms and other contraband as long as nations paid cash and shipped the goods on their own vessels. | |
| 63797881 | Europe First | Military strategy adopted by the United States that required concentrating on the defeat of Germany while maintaining a holding action against Japan in the Pacific. | |
| 63797882 | Final Solution | Plan for the extermination of the Jewish population in Nazi-occupied Europe; a total of six million Jews were killed in death camps such as those established at Auschwitz, Belzec, Majdanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka. | |
| 63797883 | Internment | Detaining enemy aliens during wartime; term specifically applied to Japanese aliens and Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast (and elsewhere in the U. S.) Who were sent to relocation centers (Manzanar, Topaz, etc.) In 1942 allegedly because of possible disloyalty. | |
| 63797884 | Kamikaze | Literally "divine wind," Japanese term for fighter pilots who crashed their planes into American warships during the latter stages of World War 2. | |
| 63797885 | Merchants of Death | Term used by Senator Gerald P. Nye to describe the munitions-makers whom he blamed for forcing the United States into World War 1. Nye headed a committee that investigated the industry from 1934 to 1936. | |
| 63797886 | Rosie the Riveter | Term that cam to symbolize all women who worked in defense plants and other industries during World War 2. | |
| 63797887 | Second front | British and American invasion of France to relieve pressure on the Soviet Union in the east; Stalin had insisted on opening the second front from June 1941, but the invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) did not take place until June 1944. | |
| 63797888 | Sphere of Influence | An area in which a nation seeks to be dominant by securing preferential treatment | |
| 63797889 | Victory Gardens | Plots of land set aside by Americans during World Ward 1 and 2 for the cultivation of vegetables so as to limit the purchase of produce in stores. |
