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| 717137155 | Good Neighbor Policy | A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Good Neighbor Policy stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt. | |
| 717137156 | Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act | Allowed president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval | |
| 717137157 | Rome-Berlin Act | 1936, Hitler and Mussolini allied themselves under this treaty. | |
| 717137158 | Johnson Debt Default Act | Seeped in ugly memories of World War I, this spiteful act prevented debt-ridden nations from borrowing further from the United States. | |
| 717137159 | Neutrality Acts of 1935,1936, and 1937 | Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents. | |
| 717137160 | Quarantine Speech | An important speech delivered by Franklin Roosevelt in which he called for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" land-hungry dictators, presumably through economic embargos. The speech flew in the face of isolationist politicians. | |
| 717137161 | Appeasement | The policy followed by leaders of Britain and France at the 1938 conference in Munich. Their purpose was to avoid war, but they allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. | |
| 717137162 | Hitler-Stalin pact | Treaty signed on August 23, 1939 in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. The fateful agreement paved the way for German aggression against Poland and the Western democracies. | |
| 717137163 | Neutrality Act of 1939 | This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships. The terms were known as "Cash-and-Carry." It represented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks. | |
| 717137164 | Kristallnacht | "Night of Broken Glass" Refers to murderous pogrom that destroyed Jewish businesses and sent thousands to concentration camps on Nov. 9, 1938. Thousands more attempted to flee to the United States, but were ultimately turned away due to restrictive immigration laws. | |
| 717137165 | War Refugee Board | A United States agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps. The agency performed noble work, but it did not begin operations until very late in the war, after millions had already been murdered. | |
| 717137166 | Lend-Lease Bill | Based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," this law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers. Patriotically numbered 1776, the bill was praised as a device for keeping the nation out of World War 2. | |
| 717137167 | Atlantic Charter | Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WW2 and to work for peace after the war | |
| 717137168 | Pearl Harbor | An American naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese warplanes that destroyed numerous ships and caused 3,000 casualties. Bought US into WW2. | |
| 717137169 | Cordell Hull | Chief architect of the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934. He also succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same. | |
| 717137170 | Wendell Wilkie | Popular choice for Republican nominee in election of 1940. Criticized New Deal, but largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain. Lost to Roosevelt. | |
| 717137171 | Executive Order No. 9066 | Law that forced many Japanese-Americans into internment camps, potentially unconstitutional although deemed so by the Supreme Court. | |
| 717137172 | War Production Board | During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers. | |
| 717137173 | Office of Price Administration | A critically important wartime agency charged with regulating the consumer economy through rationing scarce supplies, such as automobiles, tires, fuel, nylon, and sugar, and by curbing inflation by setting ceilings on the price of goods. Rents were controlled as well in parts of the country overwhelmed by war workers. The OPA was extended after World War II ended to continue the fight against inflation, but was abolished in 1947. | |
| 717137174 | National War Labor Board | This Agency was originally created during WWI by President Woodrow Wilson. In 1942, President Roosevelt reestablished the commission for WWII. It was charged with acting as an arbitration tribunal in labor-management dispute cases, thereby preventing work stoppages which might hinder the war effort. | |
| 717137175 | Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act | Passed amidst worries about the effects that labor strikes would have on war production, this law allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes. It also criminalized strike action against government-run companies. | |
| 717137176 | Fair Employment Practices Commission | Threatened with a massive "Negro March on Washington" to demand equal job opportunities in war jobs and in the military, Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration issued an executive order forbidding racial discrimination in all defense plants operating under contract with the federal government. The FEPC was intended to monitor compliance with the Executive Order. | |
| 717137177 | Congress of Racial Equality | Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V"—victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE would become a major force in the civil rights movement. | |
| 717137178 | Navajo Code Talkers | Native American men who served in the military by transmitting radio messages in their native languages, which were undecipherable by German and Japanese spies | |
| 717137179 | Battle of Midway | A pivotal battle fought near the island of Midway on June 3-6,1942. The victory halted Japanese advances in the Pacific. | |
| 717137180 | D-Day | June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. | |
| 717137181 | V-E | Victory in Europe | |
| 717137182 | Potsdam Conference | July 1945, The big three (Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and the new Truman replacing Roosevelt) gathered to reconcile two irreconcilable goals. Truman demanded free elections throughout Eastern Europe to which Stalin denied. | |
| 717137183 | Manhattan Project | Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II | |
| 717137184 | V-J | Victory in Japan | |
| 717137185 | Douglas MacArthur | United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II | |
| 717137186 | Chester Nimitz | United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy | |
| 717137187 | Dwight D Eisenhower | 34th President of the United States | |
| 717137188 | Harry S. Truman | 33rd President of the United States | |
| 717137189 | Albert Einstien | German physicist Theory of relativity | |
| 717137190 | Taft-Hartley Act | Republican-promoted, anti-union legislation passed over President Truman's vigorous veto that weakened many of labor's New Deal gains by banning the closed shop and other strategies that helped unions organize. It also required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath, which purged the union movement of many of its most committed and active organizers. | |
| 717137191 | Operation Dixie | Failed effort by the CIO after WW2 to unionize southern workers, especially in textile factories. | |
| 717137192 | Employment Act of 1946 | Legislation declaring that the government's economic policy should aim to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power, as well as to keep inflation low. A general commitment that was much shorter on specific targets and rules than its liberal creators had wished. The Act created the Council of Economic Advisers to provide the president with data and recommendations to make economic policy. | |
| 717137193 | GI Bill | Known officially as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act and more informally as the GI Bill of Rights. this law helped returning World War II soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans to buy homes and farms and set up small businesses and by making tution and stipends available for them to attend college and job training programs. The Act was also intended to cushion the blow of 15 million returning servicemen on the employment market and to nurture the postwar economy. | |
| 717137194 | Sunbelt | The fifteen-state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during World War II and particularly in the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast (the "Frostbelt"). | |
| 717380344 | Levittown | In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII. | |
| 717380345 | Baby Boom | An increase in population by almost 30 million people. This spurred a growth in suburbs and three to four children families. | |
| 717380346 | Yalta Conference | FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War | |
| 717380347 | Bretton Woods Conference | The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe. | |
| 717380348 | United Nations | An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security | |
| 717380349 | Nuremburg War Crimes | Post-World War II trials in which top officials of Nazi Germany were tried for violations of international law, including massive violations of human rights. | |
| 717380350 | Berlin Airlift | Year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crisis of the Cold War | |
| 717380351 | Containment | Following WWII the U.S. adopted George Kennan's policy to halt the expansion of communism | |
| 717380352 | Truman Doctrine | President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism | |
| 717380353 | Marshall Plan | A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe | |
| 717380354 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization | In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence. | |
| 717380355 | HUAC | House Un- American Committee Investigated communist influence inside and outside the US government. | |
| 717380356 | Fair Deal | Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing | |
| 717380357 | National Security Memo No. 68 | A letter about us entering the cold war after the creation of atomic bombs | |
| 717380358 | Korean War | The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea, while the Soviet Union helped communist NK. | |
| 717380359 | Joesph Stalin | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition. | |
| 717380360 | The Feminine Mystique | Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would become second-wave feminism. | |
| 717380361 | Rock n Roll | Became a popular music genre in the fifties with the introduction of Elvis Presley | |
| 717380362 | Army-McCarthy Hearings | The Trials in which Senator McCarthey accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists.These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthey's irresponsibility and meanness. | |
| 717380363 | Montgomery Bus Boycott | In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. | |
| 717380364 | Brown v. Board of Education | Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional | |
| 717380365 | Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee | Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism. | |
| 717380366 | Hungarian Uprising | Series of demonstrating in Hungary against the Soviet Union. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev violently suppressed this pro-Western uprising, highlighting the limitations of America's power in Eastern Europe. | |
| 717380367 | Dien Bien Phu | In 1954, Vietminh rebels besieged a French garrison at Dien Bien Phu, deep in the interior of northern Vietnam. In May, after the United States refused to intervene, Dien Bien Phu fell to the communists. | |
| 717380368 | Suez Crisis | July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power | |
| 717380369 | OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; international cartel that inflates price of oil by limiting supply; Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and UAE are prominent members | |
| 717380370 | Sputnik | Soviet satellite launched in September 1957; the launch set off a panic that the Communists were winning the space and were superior in math and science education. It gave impetus for the Nation Defense Education Act of 1958 to improve schools. | |
| 717380371 | Kitchen Debate | A famous discussion between Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev. It signaled that the U.S acknowledged their setback in technology since Nixon focused on technological luxuries. | |
| 717380372 | Richard Nixon | 37th President of the United States | |
| 717380373 | Martin Luther King Jr. | U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. | |
| 717380374 | Earl Warren | United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. | |
| 717380375 | John Foster Dulles | United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies | |
| 717380376 | Nikita Khrushchev | Ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation | |
| 717380377 | Ho Chi Minh | Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 | |
| 717380378 | Gamal Abdel Nasser | Egyptian statesman who nationalized the Suez Canal | |
| 717380379 | Fidel Castro | Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba | |
| 717380380 | John F. Kennedy | 35th President of the United States | |
| 717380381 | Lyndon B. Johnson | 36th President of the United States |
