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| 760097862 | Executive Order 9066 | 2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion | |
| 760097863 | National War Labor Board | a board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war | |
| 760097864 | Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act | Proposed after threats of lost production through strikes during WWII. Authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up businesses. Passed over FDR's veto. | |
| 760097865 | Congress of Racial Equality | a civil rights organization. They were famous for freedom rides which drew attention to Southern barbarity, leading to the passing of civil rights legislation. | |
| 760097866 | Navajo code talkers | Navajo soldiers in the Pacific used their own language as a code for sending vital messages. Hard to understand. | |
| 760097867 | Battle of Midway | U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. | |
| 761710389 | Battle of Stalingrad | Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. | |
| 761710390 | Potsdam Conference | The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdam, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. | |
| 761710391 | Manhattan Project | code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II | |
| 761710392 | Chester Nimitz | United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy (1885-1966) | |
| 761710393 | Robert Oppenheimer | United States physicist who directed the project at Los Alamos that developed the first atomic bomb (1904-1967) | |
| 761710394 | A. Philip Randolph | America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries. | |
| 761710395 | Yalta Conference | February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula. | |
| 761710396 | GI Bill | Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterans as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. | |
| 761710397 | Taft-Hartley Act | Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA) | |
| 761710398 | Marshall Plan | Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. | |
| 761710399 | Containment doctrine | a foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if unnecessary. | |
| 761710400 | NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries | |
| 761710401 | Berlin Airlift | airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin | |
| 761710402 | HUAC | The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda | |
| 761710403 | George Kennan | an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers. | |
| 761710404 | Benjamin Spock | Pediatrician in the 1940s whose book "The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care" influenced the upbringing of children around the world. | |
| 761710405 | Fidel Castro | Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) | |
| 761710406 | Betty Friedan | 1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique". | |
| 761710407 | Federal Highway Act of 1956 | This act, an accomplishment of the Eisenhower administration, authorized $25 billion for a ten- year project that built over 40,000 miles of interstate highways. This was the largest public works project in American history. | |
| 761710408 | Dien Bien Phu | A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina. | |
| 761710409 | Joseph McCarthy | Republican senator; held lists of communists serving secretly in government agencies; this information showed that the U.S. had already fallen prey to subversive influences | |
| 761710410 | John Foster Dulles | Eisenhower's secretary of state, 1953-1959; moralistic in his belief that Communism was evil and must be confronted with "brinkmanship" (the readiness and willingness to go to war) and "massive retaliation" (the threat of using nuclear weapons). | |
| 761710411 | Nikita Khrushchev | Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved. | |
| 761710412 | New Frontier | The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. | |
| 761710413 | Peace Corps | volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America | |
| 761710414 | Berlin Wall | In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989. | |
| 761710415 | Bay of Pigs | In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. | |
| 761710416 | Cuban Missile Crisis | An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later. | |
| 761710417 | Freedom Riders | Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation | |
| 761710418 | March on Washington | held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally | |
| 761710419 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. | |
| 761710420 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | federal law that increased government supervision of local election practices, suspended the use of literacy tests to prevent people (usually African Americans) from voting, and expanded government efforts to register voters. | |
| 761710421 | Great Society | the name given to the programs of President Lyndon B. Johnson, which elevated the federal government to the most prominent role it would play in the twentieth century. the philosophy of this program was that government should try to solve large social problems like hunger and poverty. | |
| 761710422 | Freedom Summer | In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote. | |
| 761710423 | Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party | Group that sent its own delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to protest discrimination against black voters in Mississippi | |
| 761710424 | Gamal Abdel Nasser | Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies. | |
| 761710425 | Montgomery Bus Boycott | In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. | |
| 761710426 | Brown vs. Board of Education | 1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | |
| 761710427 | Hungarian Uprising of 1956 | -Hungarians revolted against Soviet domination in 1956 -Soviet troops violently repressed the revolt -they were inspired by Yugoslavia's growing independence | |
| 761710428 | Prague Spring | In 1968, Czechoslovakia, under Alexander Dubcek, began a program of reform. Dubcek promised civil liberties, democratic political reforms, and a more independent political system. The Soviet Union invaded the country and put down the short-lived period of freedom. | |
| 761710429 | OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; international cartel that inflates price of oil by limiting supply; Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and UAE are prominent members | |
| 761710430 | Nixon | zealous red-catcher, successfully broke the Alger Hiss spy case |
