APW Ch. 6-8
Terms : Hide Images
| 95530187 | Mecca | City in western Arabia. Birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 0 | |
| 95530189 | Muhammad | Arab prophet. Founder of religion of Islam. | 1 | |
| 95530191 | Muslim | Adherent of the Islamic religion. | 2 | |
| 95530192 | Islam | Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. | 3 | |
| 95530193 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape prosecution in Mecca. | 4 | |
| 95530194 | umma | Community of all Muslims. | 5 | |
| 95530195 | caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad to rule the Islamic empire. | 6 | |
| 95530196 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad. The sacred text of the religion of Islam. | 7 | |
| 95530197 | Ummayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs. | 8 | |
| 95530198 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. | 9 | |
| 95530199 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. | 10 | |
| 95530200 | Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhmmad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Ummayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad. | 11 | |
| 95530201 | Mamluks | Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate. | 12 | |
| 95530202 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. | 13 | |
| 95530203 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. | 14 | |
| 95530204 | hadith | Tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad. | 15 | |
| 95530205 | shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 16 | |
| 95530206 | Mecca | a prosperous trading city/ where Muhammad was born | 17 | |
| 95530207 | Ummayad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of islam | 18 | |
| 95530208 | Quraysh | tribe of bedouins that controlled mecca in the 7th century | 19 | |
| 95530209 | Ka'ba | one of the most revered religous shrines in pre-Islamic Arabia | 20 | |
| 95530210 | Medina | Formally known as Yathrib. Muhammad made the city him base in order to fight against invators from Mecca. | 21 | |
| 95530211 | Muhammad | prophet of Islam;; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and therafter; died in 632 | 22 | |
| 95530212 | Khadijah | widow of a wealthy merchant; Muhammad worked for her and later married her | 23 | |
| 95530213 | umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 24 | |
| 95530214 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 25 | |
| 95530215 | Ramadan | month in which muslims fast | 26 | |
| 95530216 | five pillars | beliefs that all Muslims needed to carry out: Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, and Pilgrimage | 27 | |
| 95530217 | hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca | 28 | |
| 95530218 | caliph | the title of the successor to Muhammad | 29 | |
| 95530219 | Abu Bakr | first caliph after death of muhammad | 30 | |
| 95530220 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 31 | |
| 95530221 | jihads | holy wars launched to forcibly spread the Muslim faith | 32 | |
| 95530222 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. | 33 | |
| 95530223 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 34 | |
| 95530224 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 35 | |
| 95530225 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 36 | |
| 95530226 | Sunnis | Muslims that believe the caliph doesn't have to be related to Muhammad and should be chosen by the leaders of the Islamic community | 37 | |
| 95530227 | Mu'awiya | caliph of Umayyad Dynasty, 661-680 | 38 | |
| 95530228 | Shi'a | supporters of Ali | 39 | |
| 95530229 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 40 | |
| 95530230 | Damascus | The Umayyads moved the capital to ____, which was centrally located in the expanding Islamic state | 41 | |
| 95530231 | mawali | Muslim converts | 42 | |
| 95530232 | jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories | 43 | |
| 95530233 | dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists | 44 | |
| 95530234 | hadiths | traditions of the prophet | 45 | |
| 95530235 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 46 | |
| 95530236 | Baghdad | capital of the Abbasid Empire | 47 | |
| 95530237 | wazir | chief administrator and head of the caliph's inner councils | 48 | |
| 95530238 | dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 49 | |
| 95530239 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 50 | |
| 95530240 | bedouin | nomadic | 51 | |
| 95530241 | Islamic | adjective | 52 | |
| 95530242 | Islam | submission to God | 53 | |
| 95530243 | Muslim | follower | 54 | |
| 95530244 | Arab | ethnic group | 55 | |
| 95530245 | diaspora | moving a population out of an area | 56 | |
| 95530246 | Shiite | believes caliphs should be related to Muhammad | 57 | |
| 95530247 | al mahdi | third abbasid caliph | 58 | |
| 95530248 | thousand and one nights | folk tales from islamic empire | 59 | |
| 95530249 | civil violence | drained treasury and alienated people of abbasids | 60 | |
| 95530250 | spiraling taxation and outright pillaging | destruction of villages in richest area of empire | 61 | |
| 95530251 | bandit gangs | peasants were vagabonds | 62 | |
| 95530252 | shi'i sects | religious groups | 63 | |
| 95530253 | harem and veil | twin emblems of women's subjugation to men | 64 | |
| 95530254 | buyids | invaded heartlands of abbasid empire and captured baghdad | 65 | |
| 95530255 | seljuk turks | group of nomadic invaders | 66 | |
| 95530256 | crusades | eight wars christians started to free holy land from muslims | 67 | |
| 95530257 | saladin | reconquered most of crusader outposts from islam | 68 | |
| 95530258 | rubaiyat | omar khayyam's persian literature | 69 | |
| 95530259 | shah-nama | (books of kings) lengthy poem by firdawsi | 70 | |
| 95530260 | ulama | orthodox religious scholars | 71 | |
| 95530261 | alghazali | islamic theologian who struggled to fuse greek and quranic traditions | 72 | |
| 95530262 | sufis | wandering mystics who sought a person union with allah | 73 | |
| 95530263 | mongols | central asian nomadic people | 74 | |
| 95530264 | chinggis khan | war commander of mongols | 75 | |
| 95530265 | egalitarian | all believers equal in eyes of god | 76 | |
| 95530266 | muhammad ibn qasim | led more than 10000 horse and camel mounted warriors into sind to avenge assault on arab shipping | 77 | |
| 95530267 | arabian nights | based on indian stories | 78 | |
| 95530268 | mahmud of ghazni | led a series of expeditions that started nearly two centuries of muslim raiding and conquest in northern india | 79 | |
| 95530269 | bengal | largest muslim community in subcontinent | 80 | |
| 95530270 | al-biruni | complained about indian disdain for muslims | 81 | |
| 95530271 | sati | burning of widows on the same funeral pyres as their deceased husband | 82 | |
| 95530272 | kabir | remarkable mystic who wrote religious poetry and songs of worship | 83 | |
| 95530273 | shiva | hindu god of destruction and reproduction | 84 | |
| 95530274 | vishnu | hindu god of sacrifice | 85 | |
| 95530275 | sufis | group who spread islam in southeast asia and varied widely in personality and approach | 86 |
