Chapter 25: The Consolidation of Latin America 1830- 1920
World Civilizations: The Global Experience
Test Wednesday, March 28
Terms : Hide Images
| 350443827 | guano | Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery. | 0 | |
| 350443828 | Maximilian von Habsburg | Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867. | 1 | |
| 350443829 | Auguste Comte | French philosopher (19th century); founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society. | 2 | |
| 350443830 | fazendas | Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. | 3 | |
| 350443831 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed. | 4 | |
| 350443832 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy. | 5 | |
| 350443833 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists. | 6 | |
| 350443834 | Benito Juárez | Indian governor of state Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872. | 7 | |
| 350443835 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for the loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America. | 8 | |
| 350443836 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St.Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804. | 9 | |
| 350443837 | Joao VI | Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro. | 10 | |
| 350443838 | Simon Bolívar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia. | 11 | |
| 350443839 | La Reforma | The liberal rebellion on Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna. | 12 | |
| 350443840 | manifest dynasty | Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War. | 13 | |
| 350443841 | positivism | French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence. | 14 | |
| 350443842 | August'n de Iturbide | Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824. | 15 | |
| 350443843 | Domingo F. Sarmiento | Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased internal reforms in education and transportation. | 16 | |
| 350443844 | Spanish-American War | War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbeaj, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. | 17 | |
| 350443845 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-hald of Mexico's national territory to the US. | 18 | |
| 350443846 | centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. | 19 | |
| 350443847 | Monroe Doctrine | American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the US; supported by Great Britain as a means of opposing Latin American trade. | 20 | |
| 350443848 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar, existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | 21 | |
| 350443849 | caudillos | Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America. | 22 | |
| 350443850 | Pedro I | Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. | 23 | |
| 350443851 | José de San Martin | Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well. | 24 | |
| 350443852 | Andrés Santa Cruz | Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. | 25 | |
| 350443853 | General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by US in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854. | 26 | |
| 350443854 | Panama Canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from US support for Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914. | 27 | |
| 350443855 | cientificos | Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization. | 28 |
