Chapter 25 Vocabulary APWH
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| 57950459 | Simon Bolívar | Creole military officer in northern south America, won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia. | 0 | |
| 57950460 | Caudillos | Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national government to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America. | 1 | |
| 57950461 | Centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. | 2 | |
| 57950462 | Porfirio Díaz | One of Juarez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government. | 3 | |
| 57950463 | Fazendas | Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. | 4 | |
| 57950464 | Federalists | Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional government rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals. | 5 | |
| 57950465 | Gran Columbia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military success of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | 6 | |
| 57950466 | Guano | Bird droppings used as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery. | 7 | |
| 57950467 | Maxmilian von Habsburg | Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juarez in 1867. | 8 | |
| 57950468 | Dom João VI | Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro. | 9 | |
| 57950469 | Benito Juárez | Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872. | 10 | |
| 57950470 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island St.Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804. | 11 | |
| 57950471 | manifest destiny | Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American war. | 12 | |
| 57950472 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 ti 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States. | 13 | |
| 57950473 | Monroe Doctrine | American declaration started in 1823, established that any attempt of European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade. | 14 | |
| 57950474 | Dom Pedro I | sucesor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. | 15 | |
| 57950475 | Positivism | French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of Independence. | 16 | |
| 57950476 | La Reforma | The liberal rebellion of Benito of Benito Juarez against the forces of Santa Anna. | 17 | |
| 57950477 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy. | 18 | |
| 57950478 | José de San Martin | leader of Independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to Independence of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led Independence movement in Chile and Peru as well. | 19 | |
| 57950479 | General Antonio López de Santa Anna | Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for Independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848;unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854. | 20 | |
| 57950480 | Andrés Santa Cruz | Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. | 21 | |
| 57950481 | Domingo F. Sarmiento | Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic from 1868 to 1874; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation. | 22 | |
| 57950482 | Spanish-American War | War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898 centered in Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. | 23 | |
| 57950483 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Agreement that ended Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America. | 24 |
