Study for the AP Midterm
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| 112175549 | Hunting and gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of nomadic band social organization; collecting plants and hunting animals as a means of survival | 0 | |
| 112175550 | Paleolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. | 1 | |
| 112175551 | Neolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s). It follows the Paleolithic period. | 2 | |
| 112175552 | Sedentary Agriculture | Agriculture that takes place in the immediate surroundings of a permanent settlement | 3 | |
| 112175553 | Cuneiform | an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia; first written language | 4 | |
| 112175554 | Sumeria | Southern region of Mesopotamia where the earliest known cities arose. Between Tigris and Euphrates rivers. | 5 | |
| 112175555 | Dynasty | a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time; in China, the Dynastic cycle followed the Mandate of Heaven | 6 | |
| 112175556 | Cultural Diffusion | The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another | 7 | |
| 112175557 | Nirvana | in Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment | 8 | |
| 112175558 | Nalanda | Famous Buddhist university of ancient india | 9 | |
| 112175559 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 10 | |
| 112175560 | Athenian Democracy | First recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule. Freedom of Speech. | 11 | |
| 112175561 | Roman senate | A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. (148) | 12 | |
| 112175562 | Islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Qu'ran | 13 | |
| 112175563 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 14 | |
| 112175564 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 15 | |
| 112175565 | Caliph | the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth | 16 | |
| 112175566 | Shi'is | one of the two main divisions of muslims who trace succession to the Prophet's authority through imams in the lineage of Ali. Today they make up about one sixth of the world's muslims. | 17 | |
| 112175567 | Sunni's | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. (See also Shi'ites.) (p. 225) | 18 | |
| 112175568 | Saladin | (1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem | 19 | |
| 112175569 | Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. | 20 | |
| 112175570 | Sundiata | "The lion prince". Founded the Mali empire in w. Africa. Oral Tradition: Son of a regional African ruler. Deformed left leg left him crippled. When his father died, his kingdom was overrun and enemies killed the royal family except for Sundiata. He eventually grew stronger and began hunting. Enemies forced him into exile, where he became a strong warrior. He eventually returned home and claimed the throne His calvary (main strength of his army) slashed through his enemies and he effortlessly established rule throughout the Niger River valley. He was a Muslim and welcomed Muslim merchants to his capital of Niani. Empire included Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. | 21 | |
| 112175571 | Constantinople | Emperor Constantine,AD 330 moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city Byzantium in the east, and renamed the city. This city became the capital of the Roman empire. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes. | 22 | |
| 112175572 | Hagia Sophia | Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. | 23 | |
| 112175573 | Theodora | the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. | 24 | |
| 112175574 | Middle Ages | the period between the fall of the Roman Empire in the west (470) and the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 1400s. This period is also known as "Medieval." | 25 | |
| 112175575 | Vassal | a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance; a subordinate or dependent; a servant | 26 | |
| 112175576 | Fief | An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty | 27 | |
| 112175577 | Lord | in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals | 28 | |
| 112175578 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls | 29 | |
| 112175579 | Chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. | 30 | |
| 112175580 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 31 | |
| 112175581 | Split Inheritance | Inca practice of descent, all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendents for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy | 32 | |
| 112175582 | Parallel Descent | property rights within the ayllus and among the nobility passed in both male and female lines (women passed rights and property to daughters; men to sons) | 33 | |
| 112175583 | Era of Division | era between 220 C.E. and 589 C.E. that featured endless wars fought by the patchwork of regional kingdoms following the fall of the Han in China | 34 | |
| 112175584 | Fujiwara | Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power. | 35 | |
| 112175585 | Samurai | Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. | 36 | |
| 112175586 | Nomadic | (of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently | 37 | |
| 112175587 | Tumen | largest Mongolian army unit consisted of 10,000 men and divided into smaller tactical units of 1,000, 100 and 10. | 38 | |
| 112175588 | Gutenberg | German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) | 39 | |
| 112175589 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 40 | |
| 112175590 | Mercantilism | an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 41 | |
| 112175591 | Nationalism | Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation - a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. | 42 |
