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APWH Persia Flashcards

Iran, Afghanistan

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389948234Indus Valley2500-1500 BCE, e Afghanistan, nw India, Pakistan Unpredictable flooding of river Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, gridded streets/waste-water systems Trade cotton w/Mesopotamia thru Khyber Pass0
389948235Persian Empire550, Cyrus the Great makes tolerant empire Darius centralize laws and tax collection Infrastructure (Great Royal Road) connects Middle East to Asia Bureaucracy and military nobility Zoroastrianism: Zoroaster mixes Sumerian polytheism w/monotheism; life as battle between divine forces; influence Judaism From beyond Nile River around e Med. thru Turkey and parts of Greece, e thru Afghanistan Influenced by Hellenistic conquest; Hellenistic kings imitate Persian centralization/bureaucracy1
389948236Persian Wars500-449 BCE, Sparta and Athens unite to end war in stalemate2
389948237Seleucid Empirec. 331 BCE, Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire 312-63 BCE, after his death, divided empire into Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid Hellenism3
389948238Sasanian (Sassanid) Empire227 CE, Persian rebellion displaced Parthians and more directly revive early Persian empire (Zoroastrianism) Bridge between Med. and East Joined attack on weaker Roman Empire Women more suppressed than bedouins Preserved Persian culture in e Middle East Landed aristocrats manipulate emperor and exploit farmers 651 CE, conquered by Muslims4
390437107Umayyad Dynasty661-750 CE, Sunni Umayyads in power Reject Ali's claim as 3rd caliph Capital in Damascus Conquer Spain and Portugal, but blocked from France by Frankish Charles Martel Arabs get more privileges than non-Arab Muslims (mawali) Dhimmis free to worship, but pay jizya Caliph's luxuries and upset warriors w/out booty in Merv (e Iran) caused rebellions5
390437108Abbasid Dynasty750-1258 CE, Abu al-Abbas (descendant of Mohammed's uncle) use Shi'a and mawali allies to defeat Umayyads Build capital at Baghdad Trade w/credit Art/science flourish in golden age in 1st half of 9th c; steel, algebra, paper, universities Preserve Western culture Theocracy, jizya Sufi mystics: missionaries stress personal relationship w/Allah; let followers practice own ways Qur'an protected women - some legal rights, equal before Allah, veils, duty to be loyal to husband/family Decline bc regional splinter dynasties and nomad invasions 1258, Mongols destroy Baghdad6
390437109Buyids of Persia945, regional splinter dynasty captures Baghdad and makes caliphs into puppets Buyid leaders take title of sultan Conquered by Seljuk Turks7
390437110Seljuk Turks1055, Sunni central Asian nomads beat Buyids8
390437111Khwarazm EmpireMuhammad Shah, ruler Vassal of Seljuk Turks 1220, brutally destroyed by Mongols9
390437112Ilkhan Khanate1258, Hulegu destroyed Baghdad10
390437113Tamerlane (Timur Lang)1336-1405, man from noble land-owning clan led nomads to ruthlessly conquer Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, s Russia11
390437114Safavid Dynasty1501-1736, Shi'a Turkic nomads from Sufi mystics Rivalry w/Sunni Ottomans Shah Abbas I (the Great) created slave regiments based on captured Russian youths (like Janissaries) Decline bc bad rulers lead to nomad raiders12
390437115Shah Pahlavi1925-1979, Westernization efforts, land/education reform, increase right of women Strong public opposition - Islamic fundamentalists angry because want Qur'an law; others want political reform13
390437116OPEC1960, Middle East forms Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 1970s, cut supply to raise price of oil14
390437117Iranian Revolution1979, Shi'a Ayatollah Khomeini ousts shah and goes back to theocracy Reverse modernization/Westernization, take away women's rights, Qur'an law15
390437118Soviet invasion of Afghanistan1979, Soviet Union invades Afghanistan to promote puppet regime Afghan guerrillas backed by US held their ground16
390437119Iran-Iraq War1980-1988, Sunni Iraq Saddam Hussein backed by US beats Islamic revolutionaries in Iran17
390437120Modern IranAfter Khomeini's death in 1989, power struggle between Islamic fundamentalists and pro-Western minority Developing nuclear technology18
390437121TalibanIslamic fundamentalist regime in Afghanistan Harbored Al Qaeda (9/11) Extremely against cultural globalization Invaded by US after 2001 terrorism Islamic fundamentalists want religious law19

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