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| 389196961 | Slavs | Asian nomads move into Russia and e Europe during time of Roman Empire Use iron and agriculture in Ukraine and w Russia Animist religion and oral legends | 0 | |
| 389196962 | Kiev | Scandinavian traders set up trade city along route between Scandinavia and Constantinople | 1 | |
| 389196963 | Kievan Rus' | 855 CE, Rurik (Denmark) became 1st prince Alliances w/regional, landed aristocrats Late 10th c, Vladimir I converts to Christianity (Russian Orthodoxy) early 11th c, Yaroslav makes Byzantium-based laws Free farmer peasants and boyars (aristocrats) Byzantium's decline reduces trade/wealth and results in Eastern Christian mission | 2 | |
| 389196964 | Tatars (Mongols) | 1236-1240, Batu leads Golden Horde Tatars (Mongols) Isolation protected from powerful kingdoms, but cut off Religion and local admin mostly stay same Literacy decrease and become agricultural economy dependent on peasant labor Peasants have to pay Russian princes and Mongols, so flee or become serfs for protection Moscow benefits bc collects tribute for khans and gets to take land if they don't pay | 3 | |
| 389196966 | Ivan III (the Great) | 1440-1505, Prince of Duchy of Moscow Claimed descent from Rurik After 1462, free Russia from Mongols and make strong army Centralized rule and imperial mission bc Russia as third Rome, called himself tsar | 4 | |
| 389196967 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | 1533-1584, Ivan III's successor Continue expansion Promote tsarist autocracy by killing boyars w/secret police | 5 | |
| 389196968 | Expansion | Ivan III and IV Give hereditary territories and control of serfs to military nobles in return for soldiers Expand to push Mongols back bc plains mean few barriers to invasion Send cossacks (peasant-adventurers) mostly s to Caspian Sea, some e across Ural Mountains into w Siberia Expansion makes multicultural empire Western merchants in Moscow; look to W culture | 6 | |
| 389196969 | Time of Troubles | 1598 (1605) -1613 17th c, Ivan IV dies w/out heir Boyars try to reestablish authority Ends when boyar assembly chooses Michael Romanov as tsar | 7 | |
| 389196970 | Michael Romanov | 1613-1645, 1st Romanov Reestablished internal order, drove out foreign invaders War against Poland for Ukraine Expand s to meet Ottoman Empire | 8 | |
| 389196971 | Alexis Romanov | 1645 - 1676, Michael's son Abolishes assemblies of nobles Resume Orthodox state control over church and banish Old Believers (conservatives) Tighten serfdom | 9 | |
| 389196972 | Peter I (the Great) | 1689 - 1725, Alexis' son Continue build up tsarist power and expand territory Selective Westernization, focus on politics (absolutism), economy (metal industries w/serf labor), culture (just elite), military organization Fight w/Sweden to get access to Baltic Sea for trade Move capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg | 10 | |
| 389196973 | Catherine II (the Great) | 1762 - 1796, German-born tsarina Pugachev rebellion: 1770s peasant revolt that was crushed Selective Westernization, more enlightened education and Western culture Keep nobility as service aristocracy by giving them power over peasantry Repressive serfdom and limit merchants Avoid French Revolution ideas Westward expansion in Poland (partition of Poland), Ottomans in Black Sea for access to Med., Siberia and n CA | 11 | |
| 389418282 | Before reform | 1812, Napoleon led invasion; army perished in cold winter Alexander I and Nicholas I extremely conservative politically; use secret police to squash rebellions like 1825 Decembrist uprising Support nationalist movements in Balkans Export more w/serf labor instead of machines 1856-1856, Crimean War to attack Ottomans, but defeated when French and British help Ottomans w/industrial tech | 12 | |
| 389418283 | Alexander II | 1861, Emancipation Edict: free serfs and give them a little land, but have to pay to keep them Urban labor force grows Middle class begins to grow (radical intelligentsia) and arts flourish Trans-Siberian railroad to connect European Russia to Pacific, stimulating industry c.1900, Sergei Witte encouraged foreign investment | 13 | |
| 389418284 | Nicholas II | 1904, lost Russo-Japanese War over Manchuria 1905, Bloody Sunday, troops fire on peaceful protestors who want Enlightened reforms; begin Russian Revolution Create duma (parliament) to represent the people, but was disbanded every time was critical of tsar Stolypin reforms: more peasant freedom to become kulaks (agricultural entrepreneurs) | 14 | |
| 389196974 | Romanov dynasty | 1613 - 1917 Before Mongols, peasants were mostly free farmers After Tatars, forced to become serfs Very little social mobility and urbanization No artisans bc manufacturing was done rural Few merchants bc nobility didn't want social competition; European trade handled by Westerners in Russian cities; trade furs in central Asia 18th c, population doubled Many peasant rebellions | 15 | |
| 389418285 | WWI | Part of Triple Entente Support Slavs, like Serbia Suffer losses when enter war bc short on food, weapons, good leadership 2/1917, riots force Nicholas II to abdicate, ending Romanov dynasty 1918, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: give w Russia to Germany to drop out of war | 16 | |
| 389418286 | Alexander Kerensky | Liberal revolutionary leader Established soviets (local councils) and affirmed natural rights Want to continue fighting in WWI | 17 | |
| 389418287 | Lenin | Marxist leader of Bolsheviks April Theses: peace, land for peasants, power to soviets 1918, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: give w Russia to Germany to drop out of WWI 1918-1921, Create Red Army commanded by Leon Trotsky to put down counterrevolutionaries Comintern: encourage communist parties in West 1921, New Economic Policy: free up market for some individual initiative 1922, form USSR | 18 | |
| 389418288 | Joseph Stalin | Lenin's successor as leader of Communist party and head of USSR Concentrate on "socialism in one country" Five Year Plans: collectivization (state-owned enterprises) and nationalized factories Famines when took crops from farmers to feed gov't workers 1936-1938, Great Purge: use secret police and labor camps to kill enemies | 19 | |
| 389418289 | WWII | 1939, Nazi-Soviet Pact: Hitler won't invade Soviet Union if Stalin stays out of Germany's military affairs; Germany gets Lithuania and e Poland; USSR gets w Poland, Finland, Baltic States 1941-1944, Russia beats Germany when winter comes | 20 | |
| 389418290 | Post-WWII | By 1945, USSR dominates all of e Europe except Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia | 21 | |
| 389418291 | Cold War | 1945, Yalta and Potsdam, divide e Europe into spheres of influence; set up puppet states (eastern bloc) 1945-1947, Cold War w/US Form Warsaw Pact to protect self from NATO | 22 | |
| 389418292 | Nikita Khrushchev | 1953-1964, Stalin's successor as head of USSR 1956, attacked Stalinism for concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship | 23 | |
| 389418293 | Mikhail Gorbachev | Renew attacks on Stalinism Reduce nuclear armament Glasnost: openness, political liberation Perestroika: more private ownership, decentralized control in industry and agriculture | 24 | |
| 389418294 | Boris Yeltsin | Dissolution of USSR President of Russian republic | 25 |
