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| 3056090632 | Organization of the Roman Republic | Was not a democracy. More of an oligarchy. Roman senate was the center of power. "Council of Elders" aka Senate (Dictator) made policies and governed. Each yr a Senator governed a province.Sovereign power resided in assemblies of all males. Civic officials were elected annually. Hierarchy of state officials evolved. Members of the senate served for life and brought wealth, influence, and political/ military experience. Highest political rank was to be a consuls. Patricians called the shots in government. Plebeians were the lower class. Peasants served in the military. Romans shared citizenship w/ outsiders unlike the Greek. | 0 | |
| 3069354653 | Patron/client relationship (patricians and plebeians)- | The plebeians were the lower class who had little political rights, until tribunes gave them a higher voice, while the patricians were the elite class, who controlled political offices----Clients sought protection/ help of Patrons (Men of wealth/influence). Senators had hundreds of clients; Patrons provided legal advice/ representation, protection, and loans of money during difficult times. The client in return followed the patron into battle, worked his land, supported the patron politically, and contributed to the dowry of his daughter. | 1 | |
| 3056090633 | Paterfamilias | The oldest male head of households in Roman Civilization. They had absolute control over women. Women were treated like children in the eyes of law and couldn't own property, nor represent themselves in legal affairs, but had greater protection and economic freedom than the Greeks. | 2 | |
| 3056093089 | Numina/ Roman Polythesism | Romans believe in Numina, invisible, shapeless forces. They made small offerings to win the favor of spirits. Jupiter was their sky god, and Mars was their god of war and agriculture. Maintained peace with Gods with "PAX DEORUM". In return Gods would bring success to Roman states. | 3 | |
| 3069237731 | Pax deorum | A covenant between Gods and Roman state | 4 | |
| 3056093090 | The Tweleve Tables | Small group of legal experts came together and analyzed laws, legal procedures to determine central principles. These new principles were applied to new laws, required by a change in society. Decrees of the senate; bills passed by the assembly and annual proclamations of the praetor-elected officials responsible for hearing cases and administering law. They were consulted to legal action. | 5 | |
| 3069110225 | Carthagians | descendants of the Phoenicians, who dominated commerce of the Western Mediterranean; controlled Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain | 6 | |
| 3056094364 | Punic Wars | Romans vs Carthage battled over the lands of Sicily; Rome lost war I, in which their navies were destroyed. War II, Carthage had expanded into Spain, using mercenaries to beat Rome. Hannibal(Carthaginian commander) wins. The Romans finally win after attacking Carthage. War III Romans sow the Carthaginian fields with salt & destroy their cities and sell their ppls. Now Rome owned all of the Mediterranean. | 7 | |
| 3069119848 | Gaius Julius Caesar | Rome's most brilliant general, led the 1st territorial acquisitions in Europe's heartland and was commander of the conquest of the celtic ppl of Gaul. | 8 | |
| 3069349534 | Augustus Caesar (Octavian)- | Octavian; Military dictator and nephew of Caesar. Given the title "Augustus" by Roman Senate. Set about refreshing the Roman government system; fundamentally altered the realities of power, but kept forms of the republic. During his reign; Egypt, Parts of the Middle East, and Central Europe were added to the empire. South half of Britain and Romania were added later. | 9 | |
| 3069366354 | Pax Romana | "Roman Peace" stability Guaranteed by Roman might. Pax Romana enhanced commerce. Romans could only exchange food locally; Rome was dependent on imports of massive quantities of grain from Sicily & Egypt. | 10 | |
| 3056094365 | Slavery and Rome | As Peasants of the military served for long periods they lost land from investors. Money from conquest/ control contributed to Latifundia, in which the poor got poorer, and the rich became richer. Work was hard to find b/c of cheap slave labor. After the era of conquest more land caused for more sources of labor. Slaves worked the land. grew agriculture and were the foundation of economy. | 11 | |
| 3056096139 | Latifundia | Broad estates purchased by wealthy people and worked by slaves. They contributed great profit. | 12 | |
| 3069253032 | Fear; in order to provide a buffer against attack | What drove Roman expansion | 13 | |
| 3069260657 | Male citizens with a certain amount of land were subject to military service. | What determined Roman military | 14 | |
| 3069264908 | Greek vs Roman Military | Battle line was more flexible than the Greek phalanx; Romans could maneuver in units independently | 15 | |
| 3069272597 | Romans conquest of Italy was sparked by | Apennines' tribes and farmers' of the coastal plains ongoing friction. Rome organized a defense with central Italians cities in defense against Apennine tribes. | 16 | |
| 3069389980 | Romanization | The spread of Latin Language and Roman life although, Greek culture continued to dominate the Meditteranean | 17 | |
| 3069288926 | Marius and Sulla | Marius was a "new man"(political leader who didn't belong to a ruling class). He achieved political prominence and promise poor, property-less men farms upon retirement. Troops were devoted to him, which led him to be elected to an illegal six-consulship ---- Sulla commanded armies more loyal to him than the states; Overtook Rome with dictatorial regimes and killed politicians he disliked. | 18 | |
| 3056097079 | Emergence of Christianity/ Persecution | Romans opposed Jewish beliefs. Jesus of Nazareth attracted a significant number of Jewish followers; Threatened Jewish priest because of the stories of his miracles. Referred to as Son of God & King of kings. He was arrested, tried, and crucified by Roman king. His disciples scattered, spreading Christianity, eventually becoming the religion of Rome. Christians were viewed as political radicals. Romans conquest of Judea, as christian based site, left a clear field for the disciple, Paul's conversions. As result, Christianity spread. Early Christians were persecuted by Roman officials bc of refusal to worship emperor. | 19 | |
| 3070060072 | Edict of Milan | Launched by Diocletian, ended persecution of Christians | 20 | |
| 3070006660 | Municipal aristocracy | Privileged groups of peoples who endowed cities and towns with attractive elements of Roman "urban life:, forum, govt. buildings, temples, gardens, baths, theaters, public entertainment, and amphitheaters. | 21 | |
| 3056097080 | Third-century crisis | Era in which political, military, and economic problems nearly destroyed the Roman empire. A frequent change of ruler occurred; they ruled until overthrown or murdered by troops. (20+ during this period). Germanic tribes took control of frequent civil wars and periods of anarchy(chaos) to raid deep into the empire. Loyalty bought of armies to defend frontiers drained treasury. Demand of taxes from provinces and interruption of commerce by fights ended prospering towns. Coinage value became inflated; long distant trade was reduced. The municipal aristocracy was crushed out of existence. Reduced trade, reduced wealth of ppl. Ppl hid and the population shifted to the countryside. | 22 | |
| 3056099135 | Diocletian | Diocletian had risen through army ranks and managed to restored Rome after the Third century crisis. He ruled for 20yr + until death. He divided the Roman empire into West (Italy - Spain) and East regions; he implemented radical reforms, specified maximum prices that goods could be charged to stop inflation, to ensure an adequate number of workers; he pressed workers to have their sons succeed them. | 23 | |
| 3070048848 | Costantine | Succeeded Diocletian and reunited the empire. He launched the Edict of Milan Ending the persecution of christians. He supported the Christian church, while tolerating other beliefs. His rule produced a large number of converts, as people saw the privileges of Christians. Constantine transferred the capital from Rome to Byzantium(ancient greek city ). His city, Constantinople, of the eastern region, prospered and better w/stood the third century crisis | 24 | |
| 3056099136 | Qin Shi Huangdi | founded the 1st Chinese Empire; built on a great cost in human lives and labor. Shi Huangdi along with, Li Shi, created a totalitarian structure that subordinated to the individual needs of the state. He opposed Confucianism, and instead pursued Legalism, in which the ruler was supreme and it necessary to impose discipline & obedience on subjects through rewards and punishments. | 25 | |
| 3070131092 | Imperial China | a tradition of political and cultural unity and continuity that lasted into the early 20th century. | 26 | |
| 3070166656 | Basic Values of Chinese Life | Respect elders, be loyal and obedient, have concern for honor, and appropiate conduct | 27 | |
| 3056100640 | Legalism | Followed by the Qin dynasty; it insisted that the ruler was supreme and imposition of discipline/ obedience on subjects through rewards and punishments, was necessary. This pressed a new regime to eliminate rival centers of authority | 28 | |
| 3056100641 | Confusicianism | Han followed Confucianism with a legalist ideology; it became an influential during the imperial period. Confucianism laid down rules of conduct and hierarchy, as a natural aspect of human society . It was the demands of benevolence and non-violence conduct of rulers for absolute power. Ppl were an individual unit instead of individual agents. It maintained the idea that ppl could be guided to the right path through education, imitation of proper role models, and self improvement. It also stressed the importance of women participating in public life. | 29 | |
| 3056102748 | Technological innovation of the Han | Han continued the Qin's extensive program of road building. It enabled rapid movement of the military and supplies. They used higher carbon contents to produce steel and liquefied iron into molds, making their tools stronger, than those of the Romans. The crossbow and Calvary helped the military repel nomads. The watermill harnessed running water and the horse-collar allowed horses to pull heavier loads, than European horses. | 30 | |
| 3056102749 | Vedic Age | Anything before the Vedas is considered pre-vedic; Vedas were religious text; Main source of info during the Vedic Age, in which the foundations of India were laid. One form of the Vedas; The Rig Veda, is a collection of poetic hymns to various deities. | 31 | |
| 3056105440 | Varna/ Caste System (jatí) | Indian's system of social divisions aka as Varna were connected to the ideology of reincarnation; skin color was a foundation of this system. At the top were the Brahmin (priests and scholars), next were the Kshatriya (warriors and officials), the Vaishya(merchants and artisans) followed, and last were the Shudra(peasants and laborers) an additional class included peoples responsible for demeaning jobs, because they had committed some act that was defiling; They were known as the "untouchables". Each Varna could be divided into smaller groups known as Jatís(birth groups). | 32 | |
| 3070250590 | Jatí | Subdivision of Varnas; Jatis married, lived, ate, and only interacted with members of their groups. Indians believed intermixing groups would taint higher jatis and would cause them to go under elaborate rituals for purification. | 33 | |
| 3056105441 | Dharma & Karma | the philosophy of Dharma and Karma kept social order within the caste system. Dharma determined Karma(the sum of your actions or deeds), in which if the two did not balance out you would decrease in the caste system, once you were reincarnated. | 34 | |
| 3056107121 | Moksha | Endless, dreamless sleep, in which the believers of Hinduism aspired to achieve to escape the reincarnation cycle of rebirths | 35 | |
| 3056107122 | Nirvana | Achievement of perpetual tranquility and an end to suffering. The ultimate reward of Buddhism. In contrast to Reincarnation, this suffering was over as soon as it was achieved. | 36 | |
| 3056108419 | Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) | Siddhartha Gautama aka Buddha, "the enlightened one", gave up his fulfilling life, in search of an answer to why people suffer. After a vision he begins to follow the FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS: Life is suffering; Suffering arises from desire; the solution to non-suffering is curbing desire; the "eight-fold path" can curb desire. Buddha's teachings lead to the spread of Buddhism, one of the world's largest religions. | 37 | |
| 3056111685 | Four Noble Truths | FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS: Life is suffering; Suffering arises from desire; the solution to non-suffering is curbing desire; the "eight-fold path" can curb desire. Buddha's teachings lead to the spread of Buddhism, one of the world's largest religions. | 38 | |
| 3056113781 | Mahayana | Religion of Buddhism; embraced new popular features | 39 | |
| 3056113780 | Thervada | Philosophy of Buddhism; followed original teachings | 40 | |
| 3070335463 | Differences between Hinduism and Buddhism | Mauryan peoples were Buddhists, while Gupta monarchs were Hindus. Hinduism was a religion, while Buddhism was more of a philosophy. Hindus believed in reincarnation and their goal was to achieve Moksha, an eternal endless sleep. This practice consisted of many divine deities. Buddhists strived to achieve, Nirvana, and end to suffering. While in the Hindu religion people believe to be reincarnated until goal was fulfilled, in Buddhism once Nirvana was achieved, all suffering is over. Both religions, however, believe in a spiritual collectiveness by achieving unity. | 41 | |
| 3056116776 | Mauryan dynasty | Chandragupta gained control and expanded the Magadha into the Mauryan Empire, India's 1st centralized empire, inspired by Alexander the Great. Mauryans were Buddhists Ashoka, Chandragupta's grandson, ruled next and extended the empires boundaries. After his death the empire collasped from dynastic disputes. | 42 | |
| 3070393600 | Ashoka | Grandson of Chandragupta, in which he succeed him as emperor of the Maurya dynasty; He extended the empire's boundaries. After his conquest of Kaluga, he converted to Buddhist faith, preaching non-violence, morality, moderation, and religious tolerance. | 43 | |
| 3056118656 | Guptan dynasty | Chandra Gupta borrowed the name of the Mauryan emperor; never controlled territories as extensive as the Mauryans. Gupta monarchs were Hindus. Sandra Chandra II and Kumar Gupta succeeded him in a reign of 40yrs. They advertised as theatre states. The end of their empire transpired because of nomadic invaders known as the huns, and their defense of these invaders exhausted the imperial treasury. | 44 | |
| 3056119670 | theatre-state | Portrayed an image of non-realistic power. State directed towards making beliefs of rituals, dramatic ceremonies, and cultural events advertising for benefits of association with the empire. | 45 | |
| 3056119671 | zero | Indians contributed the number 0 to mathematics | 46 | |
| 3056119672 | Sassanids | The Sassanids were a people of the same region that brought rise to the Archaemendis; they originated as nomads. They brought rivalry between Rome and Parthians and conflict of trade along the Silk Road. The Sassanid ruler, Ardashir defeated the Parthians. Sassanid silver work and silk fabrics testify to a sedentary lifestyle. Sassanid farmers produced crops that later became important to trade. Zoroastrianism was the Sassanid's religion, in which they used their religion as instrument in politics. | 47 | |
| 3056123601 | Commerce on the Silk Road | Social system and trade route that connected China to the Middle East. It fostered the exchange of agricultural good, manufactured products, and ideas.The Silk Road had to face the manipulative factors of supply and demand (multiplied prices and lack of supply) and interference with trade routes.The Silk Road still managed to work. Chinese General, Zhang Jian, launched 18 expeditions, involving the Silk Road, which brought new plants and trees into China. Mesopotamia also reaped the benefit of new crops from the Silk Road, while Sassanid (who conquered the Parthians) farmers imported cotton, sugar cane, and rice from India and China. The Silk Road was social system; not only transporting goods, but ideas of religion, technology, government, and culture. Zoroastrianism, the religion of the Sassanid, spread along the Silk Road. Thus, missionaries were given the opportunities to influence customs and beliefs along the trade route. | 48 | |
| 3056124745 | Cultural Impact of the Indian Ocean trade | Indian Ocean maritime network assisted to established social ties between the coastal lands. Traders were multilingual and covered greater distances, as they established colonies. Its social impact enabled sailors to marry women at local port cities, by which established bilingual/ bicultural families and produced mixed heritages with rich cultural diversity. | 49 | |
| 3056124746 | Peoples of the Sahara | Pastoral societies engaged in dance and crafts such as mask. Domesticated Camels for travel. Ppl focused on salt manufacture. Ppl had Great and Small Traditions. Their cultural region was distinct without the need of imperial conquest or the characterization of a great tradition, instead cultural unity rested on small traditions; Ppl had different languages(2000+), production and cultivation systems. Sub-Saharan Africa covered the most area of diverse ppl in the 1st milenium | 50 | |
| 3070779749 | small traditions | local customs and beliefs | 51 | |
| 3070783372 | great traditions | were shared by educated elites within each region, these practices of: written languages, common legal/ belief systems, ethical codes, and other intellectual attitudes, that overpowered small traditions | 52 | |
| 3056125873 | Sahel | Sahara ppl either recieved products from eachother or from the Sahel, "The Coast", the south border of the Sahara | 53 | |
| 3056125874 | Bantu | Bantu meant "People", in most of their languages. The Bantu were the Niger Congo family. They spoke more than 300 languages in the south equator. Pro-Bantus, the 1st Bantus of the Nigeria and Cameroon boundary, lived in permanent villages on the edge of rain forest. They grew yam & grains, along with harvesting palm nuts for oil. They engaged in fishing and canoeing, as well. The Bantu domesticated goats and dogs. The Bantu people served as a mechanism for the spread of iron south. Thus the transfer of Bantu traditions & practices spread south, east, and west into Pan- African traditions and practices. | 54 | |
| 3056128047 | Emergence of Islam | Everything is connected w/in Islamic societies; Muhammed of the Bedouins has a vision and is told to save humankind by God. From then on he is determined to convert others. After the Hijra he finds more accepting followers. Islam rook form in interior Arab lands. | 55 | |
| 3071005223 | Empty quarter | enormous sea of sand that isolated South regions from the arab interior | 56 | |
| 3056130081 | Hijra | "The flight" The flee of Muhammed and his followers from Mecca to Medina, because he is viewed as a threat. In Medina he finds a more accepting audience in the Bedouins and Islam begins to see advancements | 57 | |
| 3056128048 | Mecca | Controlled by the Quaraysh; Pilgrimage site; Carvan city, between Yemen & Syria; A Holy land of Islam, birthplace of Muhammed; and destination of the Ka'aba | 58 | |
| 3056128049 | Medina | Where Muhammed finds an accepting audience in the bedouins | 59 | |
| 3056128050 | Ka'aba | "House of God" Black meteorite temple ; Symbolic of Gods power and Bedouins pilgrimage to Mecca | 60 | |
| 3070894434 | Allah | "One True God" | 61 | |
| 3070891321 | Islam | "One Who submits to God" | 62 | |
| 3056130080 | Five Pillars of Faith | 1 Profession of Faith(God is God and Muhammed is prophet) 2 Must pray 5 times a day at minimum facing towards Mecca 3 Must participate in Ramadan 4 Pay homage and alms to the poor 5 Must pilgrimage to Mecca during lifetime | 63 | |
| 3070921211 | Caliph | "Successor" ruler in arabic societies | 64 | |
| 3070934544 | Jihad | "Doing Gods work", Jihad keeps muslims from conflict and spreads Islam. | 65 | |
| 3056133475 | Shi'ite | Led by Mu'auaiyah Believe that Ali and his descendants should hold power;often conflict with Sunnite over political views | 66 | |
| 3056133474 | Sunnite | "ppl of the community" Oppose Ali's power. They formed into Khajirite sects and claimed rightousness for themselves solely and often conflicted with Shi'ite over political views; Sunni created large territorial estates and were in control and had strong belief in umma | 67 | |
| 3071154319 | three divisions of islam | sunnite, shi'ite, & khajirite | 68 | |
| 3071177664 | prophets | men of political/ economic sophistication; inspired by charisma | 69 | |
| 3056131902 | Umma | A community defined soley by acceptance of Islam and Muhammed as the messenger of God. After the Hijra, Meccan immigrants & Medians formed a single umma. | 70 | |
| 3056131903 | Ulama | Social groups of religious scholars. "ppl w/ religious knowledge". In cities of ulamas religious anc cultural developments rose and they worked against permanent division of the Islamic umma | 71 | |
| 3056133476 | Umayyad | established by Mu'auaiyah; ethnically defined Arab realm instead of religious empire. Ruled from Damas and adpoted Sassanid/ Byzantine practices. Introduced muslim coinage, symbolizing new order. Dynasty fell after growing unrest; Khajirites and Shi'ites overthrew the last Umayyad caliph | 72 | |
| 3071620132 | Golden Age | period of greats and prosperity in which non arab muslims are appointed to power | 73 | |
| 3056135132 | Abbasid | established by Shi'ites after the overthrow of the Umayyad, ruled until killed by Mongol invaders; during their rule theology & religious law became preoccupations at the court and community of scholars. Works of great Greeks, Persians, and Indians were transferred into Arabic. They adopted Sassanid Shah customs/ ceremonies. Abbasid declined as Islam accelerated. Trade decreased, Postal system distance shortened, news took days to reach caliphs, administered struggle to centralize tax payments Abbasid Caliphate fell bc of failure to find a strong authority to reform government and restore military. | 74 | |
| 3056135133 | Umayyad Spain | Blended Roman, Germanic, and Jewish traditons with Arabs & Bebers. Spanish Umayyads represent political diversity & local awareness of the Abassid decline. | 75 | |
| 3056136048 | Shari'a | islamic law; law reflects religion and laws are problematic; Quar'an, Hadith, and Tradition are the basis of Sharia | 76 | |
| 3071676899 | hadith | seperate from the quar'an; collected text by close ppl of muhammed based on muhammed's rightdoings | 77 | |
| 3056136049 | Seljuk Turks | Established a Turkish muslim state based on nomadic power; created kingdom from North Afghanistan to Baghdad- Seljuk rulers fought over cities, cities shrank, Pastoralists overran agriculture, Irrigation suffered from lack of maintenance, and tax revenues fail. Few participated in religious life. Baghdad collaspe reflected the collapse of the canal system | 78 | |
| 3056136050 | Sufism | strict self discipline | 79 |
