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| 49297456 | Islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran | 0 | |
| 49297457 | Qu'ran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. (p. 232) | 1 | |
| 49297458 | Five Pillars of Islam | Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage | 2 | |
| 49297459 | Jihad | a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 3 | |
| 49297460 | theocracy | government headed by religious leaders or a leader regarded as a god | 4 | |
| 49297461 | caliphate | the rulership of Islam; caliph, the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Islamic state. In principle, Islam is theocratic: when Muhammad died, a caliph [Arab.,=successor] was chosen to rule in his place. The caliph had temporal and spiritual authority but was not permitted prophetic power; this was reserved for Muhammad. | 5 | |
| 49297462 | Middle Ages | The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance | 6 | |
| 49297463 | Orthodox Christianity | Christian Church of the Byzantines. Led by the Patriarch. Orthodox Christianity was spread by the Byzantines to Russia and Eastern Europe. | 7 | |
| 49297464 | Justinian Code | The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534. | 8 | |
| 49297465 | Treaty of Verdun | signed in 843, the treaty divided the carolingian empire into three sections, which led to the eventual destruction of charlemagne's empire | 9 | |
| 49297466 | feudalism | A political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture; nobles/lords--> vassals (knights, etc) --> serfs | 10 | |
| 49297467 | fief | land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service | 11 | |
| 49297468 | manor | A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord. | 12 | |
| 49297469 | three field system | a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted. | 13 | |
| 49297470 | code of chivalry | A code of honor followed by knights that outlines treatment of women and going on quests; only followed by men; reciprocal contract between vassal and lord | 14 | |
| 49297471 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401) | 15 | |
| 49297472 | crusades | 1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid the Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade; introduced West to sugarcane, spices, and luxury goods from E. world; growing population of W. Europe extended | 16 | |
| 49297473 | heresies | Dissent or deviation from a dominant theory, opinion | 17 | |
| 49297474 | scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408) | 18 | |
| 49297475 | inquisition | A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s. | 19 | |
| 49297476 | interregnum | the time between two reigns, governments, etc. | 20 | |
| 49297477 | Magna Carta | This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights | 21 | |
| 49297478 | Hundred Years' War | the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais; increased power of both France and England; end of Europe's medieval period | 22 | |
| 49297479 | Spanish Inquisition | Brutal campaign led by Roman Catholic Church from 1481 to 1834 to punish nonbelievers including Jews and Muslims | 23 | |
| 49297480 | tribute system | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. (p. 307) | 24 | |
| 49297481 | moveable type | This was used for printing, and meant that individual letters and words could be moved around to create a page of type. It was an invention of the Renaissance (gold-smiths and paper-makers working together) and helped the spread of humanism over the Alps as it meant that printing was much easier, cheaper, and more efficient. It also led to the famous printing of vernacular Bibles in 1450 by Gutenberg. | 25 | |
| 49297482 | foot binding | practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household; during Song dynasty | 26 | |
| 49297483 | Neo-Confucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | 27 | |
| 49297484 | Shinto | A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits; lacks a formal dogma | 28 | |
| 49297485 | Taika Reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army. | 29 | |
| 49297486 | Code of Bushido | "The Way of the Warrior". Samurai Code of Conduct: Loyalty, Bravery, Honor. Those who broke the Code had to commit ritual suicide called Seppuku. | 30 | |
| 49297487 | hordes | religions ruled by subordinate khans who defer to the Great Khan | 31 | |
| 49297488 | oral literature | literature that is spoken and handed down through generations | 32 | |
| 49297489 | quipu | system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records | 33 | |
| 49297490 | Bubonic plague | 1/3 of all Europe's pop died, spread by rats, brought by sailors to Crimea, work shortage, wages for skilled laborers soared.; brought by the Mongols; helped end feudalism | 34 |
