Christian Societies Emerge in Europe, 600 - 1200 CE
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| 234303186 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks; emperor of the Carolingian Empire | 0 | |
| 234303187 | medieval | "middle age"; term used by historians to signify the period ca. 500-1500 CE, between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance | 1 | |
| 234303188 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantium,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250) | 2 | |
| 234303189 | Kievan Russia | State established at Kiev in Ukraine by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population | 3 | |
| 234303190 | schism | A formal split within a religious community | 4 | |
| 234303191 | manor | A large, self-sufficient landowning in medieval Europe | 5 | |
| 234303192 | serf | An agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's propery and obligated to perform set services for the lord. | 6 | |
| 234303193 | fief | Land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service | 7 | |
| 234303194 | vassal | A sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service tht that king or lord | 8 | |
| 234303195 | papacy | THe central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head | 9 | |
| 234303196 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headedby an emperor elected by the princes | 10 | |
| 234303197 | investiture controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands | 11 | |
| 234303198 | monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular societyand adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. | 12 | |
| 234303199 | horse collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses | 13 | |
| 234303200 | Crusades | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. | 14 | |
| 234303201 | pilgrimage | Journey to a sacred shrine of a specific religion by followers seeking to show piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins | 15 |
