Chapter 1 Peopleing of the World and River Valley Civilizations
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| 198665406 | Anatolia | The peninsula between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas that is now occupied by most of Turkey; also called Asia Minor | 0 | |
| 198665407 | Social Stratification | a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy | 1 | |
| 198665408 | Urbanization | movement of people from rural areas to cities | 2 | |
| 198665409 | Neolithic | latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the middle east (but later elsewhere) | 3 | |
| 198665410 | Sumerians | The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. | 4 | |
| 198665411 | Plant domestication | genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention | 5 | |
| 198665412 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34) | 6 | |
| 198665413 | city- State | a city and its surrounding lands that act as a government | 7 | |
| 198665414 | amulet | a trinket or piece of jewelry thought to be a protection against evil | 8 | |
| 198665415 | theocracy | government run by religious leaders | 9 | |
| 198665416 | Nubia | an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile | 10 | |
| 198665417 | Matrilineal | based on or tracing descent through the female line | 11 | |
| 198665418 | Giligamesh | the legendary king of mesopatamia whose adventures are detailed in one of ther worlds earliest works of literature... search for immortality | 12 | |
| 198665420 | megalith | memorial consisting of a very large stone forming part of a prehistoric structure (especially in western Europe) | 13 | |
| 198665421 | culture | the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization | 14 | |
| 198665422 | papryus | is the plant used to make a paper-like material | 15 | |
| 198665423 | Harappa | A large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan | 16 | |
| 198665424 | cuneiform | Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets | 17 | |
| 198665425 | Bureaucacy | the hierarchically structured organization of the government that carries out govrment polices. | 18 | |
| 198665426 | cataracts | floods of water; waves | 19 | |
| 198665428 | Patrilineal | based on or tracing descent through the male line | 20 | |
| 198665429 | Civilization | a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations) | 21 | |
| 198665430 | Catal Huyuk | One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions | 22 | |
| 198665431 | Lugal | "big man", what we would call a king, emerged in Sumer in the 3rd millenium BCE | 23 | |
| 198665432 | Babylon | The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29) | 24 | |
| 198665435 | ma'at | the Egyptian concept of truth, justice, and cosmic order, represented by a goddess, often portrayed with a feather upon her head | 25 | |
| 198665437 | assimilate | to absorb fully or make one's own; to adopt as one's own; to adapt fully | 26 | |
| 198665438 | Forager | one who searches for food by hunting or gathering | 27 | |
| 198665439 | Specialization of labor | To train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker | 28 | |
| 198665440 | Paleolithic | second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC | 29 | |
| 198665441 | obsidian | A usually black or banded, hard volcanic glass that displays shiny, curved surfaces when fractured and is formed by rapid cooling of lava | 30 | |
| 198665442 | dynasty | a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family | 31 | |
| 198665443 | Mohenjo-Daro | Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system. | 32 | |
| 198665444 | semetic | A family of related languages spoken across parts Asia and Northern Africa. Most wide spread of this language is Arabic. | 33 | |
| 198665445 | ziggurat | a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that formed part of a Sumerian temple | 34 | |
| 198665446 | omnipotent | almighty, having unlimited power or authority | 35 | |
| 198665447 | polytheism | belief in more than one GOD | 36 | |
| 198665448 | Fertile Cresent | Name given to crescent-shaped area of fertile land strecheding from the lower Nile valley, along the east Mediterranean coast, and into Syria and present day Iraq where agriculture and early civilization first began about 8000 B.C | 37 | |
| 434511535 | Civilization | a society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes | 38 | |
| 434511536 | River Valley Civilizations | -Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates rivers; southwest Asia/modern-day Iraq) - floods were unpredictable and destructive; flat plains invited invasion -Egypt (banks of Nile River, Mediterranean and Red Seas; Northeastern Africa) -India (Indus and Ganges rivers, Arabian Sea; southern Asia) -China (Yellow River) | 39 | |
| 434511537 | Demographics | the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, and gender. | 40 | |
| 434511538 | maize | Corn first grown in the Americas as a staple food | 41 | |
| 434511539 | Pastoralist | a member of a nomadic group that herds domesticated animals | 42 | |
| 434511540 | Jericho | Oldest Neolithic community in the West Bank between Israel and Jordan | 43 | |
| 434511541 | Akkadian | One of the Semitic languages spoken in ancient Mesopotamia | 44 | |
| 434511542 | Ziggurat | a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that formed part of a sumerian temple | 45 | |
| 434511543 | Divine Kingship | a form of monarchy where the king is considered to be godly and legitimate; he has absolute power and was chosen by God to rule. | 46 | |
| 434511544 | Menes | king of upper egypt united the two kingdoms of upper and lower egypt | 47 | |
| 434511545 | Ma'at | the Egyptian concept of truth, justice, and cosmic order, represented by a goddess, often portrayed with a feather upon her head | 48 | |
| 434511546 | Centralized Administration | government had more control. | 49 | |
| 434511547 | Book of the Dead | scrolls that served as a guide for the afterlife in ancient Egypt | 50 | |
| 434511548 | Near East | in biblical times the region commonly known today as the middle east, including the modern countries of Iraq, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan | 51 | |
| 434511549 | Loess | a fine-grained unstratified accumulation of clay and silt deposited by the wind | 52 | |
| 434511550 | Shang | The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture. | 53 | |
| 434511551 | Oracle Bones | animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future | 54 | |
| 434511552 | Divination | the art or gift of prophecy (or the pretense of prophecy) by supernatural means | 55 | |
| 434511553 | Zhou dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism | 56 | |
| 434511554 | Mandate of Heaven | claim by Chinese kings of the Zhou dynasty that they had direct authority from heaven to rule and to keep order in the universe | 57 | |
| 434511555 | Feng Shui | rules in Chinese philosophy that govern spatial arrangement and orientation in relation to patterns of yin and yang and the flow of energy (qi) | 58 | |
| 434511556 | Confucius | Chinese philosopher, administrator, and moralist. His social and moral teachings, collected in the Analects , tried to replace former religious observances | 59 | |
| 434511557 | Filial Piety | in Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors | 60 | |
| 434511558 | Daoism | Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature. | 61 | |
| 434511559 | Yin/Yang | In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. | 62 | |
| 434511560 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws | 63 | |
| 434511561 | Warring States | For two hundred years a fight broke out between the Local Rulers and Zhou Kings. This was called The period of the___. Seven states of China go to war. | 64 | |
| 434511562 | Qin Dynasty | The dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country. Centralized Government and built the Great wall. | 65 | |
| 434511563 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 66 | |
| 434511564 | Meroe | center of the Kush dynasty from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150; known for its manufacture of iron weapons and tools. | 67 | |
| 434511565 | Aksum | A kingdom along the Red Sea today known as Ethiopia and Eritrea which grew wealthy from trade | 68 | |
| 434511566 | Celts | Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles. | 69 | |
| 434511567 | Druids | The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92) | 70 | |
| 434511568 | Amerindian | Any member of the peoples living in North or South America before the Europeans arrived | 71 | |
| 434511569 | Chavin | The first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C. | 72 | |
| 434511570 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (Mexico) | 73 | |
| 434511571 | LLamas | domesticated beasts that provided the Inca with meat and wool. Also decreased the labor needed to transport goods. | 74 |
