1633876109 | DNA, the genetic material, is transcribed into several types of RNA, including _____, ______, ______, which function in protein synthesis. | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA | 0 | |
1633876110 | A nucleic acid strand is... | a linear polymer with end-to-end directionality | 1 | |
1633876111 | All DNAs and most RNAs are long unbranched polymers of nucleotides, which consist of... | phosphorylated pentose linked to an organic base, either purine (A and G) or pyrimidine (C, T and U). | 2 | |
1633876112 | Native DNA is a _____ helix of ________________________ strands. | double, complimentary antiparallel | 3 | |
1633876113 | Natural DNA (B-type) is a regular____________________ with the bases ____________________________________________________________________ | right-handed double helix, on the inside and the two sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside. | 4 | |
1633876114 | The bases in nucleic acids can interact.... | via hydrogen bonds. | 5 | |
1633876115 | The standard Watson-Crick base pairs are _____________ in DNA, and ____________ in RNA. | G-C/A-T, G-C/A-U | 6 | |
1633876116 | DNA can undergo.... | reversible strand separation | 7 | |
1633876117 | Different types of RNA exhibit various conformations... | related to their function | 8 | |
1633876118 | Cellular RNAs are _____________, some of which form_________________. | single-stranded polynucleotides, well-defined secondary and tertiary structures | 9 | |
1633876119 | Some RNAs, called ______________, have _________________. | ribozymes, catalytic activity | 10 | |
1633876120 | Secondary RNA structures: | hairpin, stem-loop | 11 | |
1633876121 | Tertiary Structure | Pseudoknot | 12 | |
1633876122 | DNA is more stable than RNA due to... | a hydroxyl group | 13 | |
1633876123 | A template DNA strand is transcribed into a complimentary RNA chain by ________________. | RNA polymerase | 14 | |
1633876124 | __________________ are added one at the time to the 3' end of a growing RNA | Ribonucleotides | 15 | |
1633876125 | The sequence of the template DNA strand determines the order in which ______________________________________________. | ribonucleotides are polymerized to form an RNA | 16 | |
1633876126 | Organization of genes differs in ______________________________ | prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA | 17 | |
1633876127 | In prokaryotes several protein-coding genes are commonly clustered into ____________________________. | an operon, which is transcribed from a single promoter into one mRNA | 18 | |
1633876128 | In eukaryotes each protein-coding gene is _____________________________ | transcribed from its own promoter | 19 | |
1633876129 | Eukaryotic precursor mRNAs are processed to form __________________________. | functional mRNAs | 20 | |
1633876130 | Alternative RNA splicing increases __________________________. | the number of proteins expressed from a single eukaryotic gene | 21 | |
1633876131 | Three stages in RNA transcription | Initiation, elongation, termination | 22 | |
1633876132 | In prokaryotes all the genes are transcribed ___________, in eukaryotes, they are _________ | together, separate | 23 | |
1633876133 | Messenger RNA carries information from DNA in a _________________ | three-letter genetic code | 24 | |
1633876134 | Genetic information is transcribed from DNA into RNA in the form of a(n) ____________________________ | overlapping, degenerate triplet code | 25 | |
1633876135 | Each amino acid is encoded by _______________________. | one or more codons in mRNA | 26 | |
1633876136 | Each codon specifies ________________. | one amino acid | 27 | |
1633876137 | The folded structure of tRNA promotes its ______________________ | decoding function | 28 | |
1633876138 | Three-dimensional structure of tRNA includes an acceptor arm for attachment of a _____________________________________ | specific amino acid and a stem-loop with a three-base anticodon sequence at its end | 29 | |
1633876139 | The tRNA anticodon can base-pair with __________________________________________ | its corresponding codon on mRNA | 30 | |
1633876140 | Nonstandard base pairing often occurs between _____________________________________ | codons and anticodons | 31 | |
1633876141 | Amino acids become activated when _____________________________________ | covalently linked to tRNAs | 32 | |
1633876142 | Each of the 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases recognizes a single amino acid and ______________________________________. | covalently links it to a cognate tRNA | 33 | |
1633876143 | Genetic code is degenerate... | more than one codon can code for a specific amino acid | 34 | |
1633876144 | Wobble rule: | only first 2 nucleotides have to be complementary | 35 | |
1633876145 | Ribosomes are... | protein-synthesizing machines | 36 | |
1633876146 | Ribosomes are large __________________________________. | ribonucleoprotein complexes and consist of a small and large subunits | 37 | |
1633876147 | Methionyl-tRNAiMet recognizes the __________________________ | AUG start codon | 38 | |
1633876148 | Eukaryotic translation initiation usually occurs at _______________________________________ | the first AUG closest to the 5' end of an mRNA. | 39 | |
1633876149 | Each stage of translation - initiation, elongation and termination - requires ______________________________ | specific protein factors including GTP-binding proteins that hydrolyze GTP. | 40 | |
1633876150 | During chain elongation each incoming aminoacyl-tRNA moves through three ribosomal sites: | A-site, P-site, E-site | 41 | |
1633876151 | Each strand in a parental duplex DNA acts as a template for _________________________________ | synthesis of a daughter strand and remains base-paired to the new strand (semiconservative mechanism). | 42 | |
1633876152 | DNA polymerases require __________________________________ | a primer to initiate replication | 43 | |
1633876153 | Duplex DNA is unwound, and daughter strands are formed at the... | DNA replication fork. | 44 | |
1633876154 | At a replication fork, one daughter strand (leading) is elongated ____________. The other (lagging) is formed as a ___________________________________. | continuously, series of discontinuous (Okazaki) fragments from primers synthesized every few hundreds nucleotides | 45 | |
1633876155 | DNA replication occurs ___________________ from each origin | bidirectionally | 46 | |
1633876156 | DNA polymerases introduce copying ______________________________________ | errors and also correct them. | 47 | |
1633876157 | Chemical and radiation damage to DNA can lead to... | mutations | 48 | |
1633876158 | High-fidelity DNA excision repair systems... | recognize and repair damage | 49 | |
1633876159 | Eukaryotic cells have three excision-repair systems for correcting DNA damage: | Base excision, Mismatch excision, Nucleotide excision | 50 | |
1633876160 | Two systems utilize recombination to repair double-strand breaks in DNA: | -Non-homologous end-joining can link DNA segments from different chromosomes. -Homologous recombination can repair DNA damage and generate genetic diversity. | 51 | |
1633876161 | Deamination leads to... | point mutations | 52 | |
1633876162 | Holliday structure | an intermediate in DNA recombination with four DNA strands | 53 | |
1633876163 | Alternative resolution of a Holliday structure: | 1) Cutting the bonds and ligating the ends regenerates the original chromosomes. 2) Cutting the bonds and ligating the ends generates recombinant chromosomes. | 54 | |
1637305237 | Synthesis of all nucleic acids go from... | 5' to 3' | 55 | |
1637306170 | Adenine and Thymine have ____ hydrogen bonds | 2 | 56 | |
1637306171 | Cytosine and Guanine have ____ hydrogen bonds | 3 | 57 | |
1637308227 | DNA does not have a __________ group | hydroxyl | 58 | |
1637311590 | In eukaryotes transcription occurs only in the... | nucleus | 59 | |
1637311591 | Transcription starts at | +1 | 60 | |
1637311592 | Everything before +1 is considered | upstream | 61 | |
1637311593 | Everything after +1 is considered | downstream | 62 | |
1637318652 | Mature RNA excludes all | Introns | 63 | |
1637337503 | What does tRNA do? | brings amino acids to the site of protein synthesis | 64 | |
1637337504 | rRNA is responsible for... | formation of peptide bonds | 65 | |
1637337505 | mRNA provides... | the message for what protein should be present | 66 | |
1637337506 | Small subunit of ribosomes is responsible for... | initiation of translation | 67 | |
1637337507 | Large subunit of ribosomes is responsible for... | elongation and termination | 68 | |
1637337508 | "A site" of ribosome is known as... | acceptor site | 69 | |
1637337509 | "P site" of ribosome is known as... | peptide bonding | 70 | |
1637337510 | "E site" of ribosome is known as... | exit site | 71 | |
1642786712 | Which structures are protein building machines? | Ribosomes | 72 | |
1642786713 | Base excision | repairs T-G mismatches and damaged bases | 73 | |
1642786714 | Mismatch excision | repairs other mismatches and small insertions and deletions | 74 | |
1642786715 | Nucleotide excision | repairs chemical adducts that distort normal DNA shape | 75 | |
1642786716 | Which DNA breaks are the most harmful in terms of cell life? | double-strand breaks | 76 | |
1642786717 | Viruses | small parasites that can replicate only in host cells. Viral genomes may be either DNA (DNA viruses) or RNA (RNA viruses) and either single- or double- stranded. | 77 | |
1642786718 | Most viral host ranges are... | narrow | 78 | |
1642786719 | Viral capsids are... | regular arrays of one or a few types of protein | 79 | |
1642786720 | Some viruses have an outer... | envelope, which is similar to the plasma membrane but contains viral transmembrane proteins. | 80 | |
1642786721 | Lytic viral growth cycles lead to... | death of host cells | 81 | |
1642786722 | Lytic viral infection entails... | absorption, penetration, synthesis of viral proteins and progeny genomes, assembly of progeny virions, and release of thousands of virions, leading to the death of host cell | 82 | |
1642786723 | Viral DNA is... | integrated into the host-cell genome in some non-lytic viral growth cycles. | 83 | |
1642786724 | Non-lytic viral infection generally does not lead to | cell death | 84 |
BASIC MOLECULAR GENETIC MECHANISMS Flashcards
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