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BASIC MOLECULAR GENETIC MECHANISMS Flashcards

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1633876109DNA, the genetic material, is transcribed into several types of RNA, including _____, ______, ______, which function in protein synthesis.mRNA, tRNA, rRNA0
1633876110A nucleic acid strand is...a linear polymer with end-to-end directionality1
1633876111All DNAs and most RNAs are long unbranched polymers of nucleotides, which consist of...phosphorylated pentose linked to an organic base, either purine (A and G) or pyrimidine (C, T and U).2
1633876112Native DNA is a _____ helix of ________________________ strands.double, complimentary antiparallel3
1633876113Natural DNA (B-type) is a regular____________________ with the bases ____________________________________________________________________right-handed double helix, on the inside and the two sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside.4
1633876114The bases in nucleic acids can interact....via hydrogen bonds.5
1633876115The standard Watson-Crick base pairs are _____________ in DNA, and ____________ in RNA.G-C/A-T, G-C/A-U6
1633876116DNA can undergo....reversible strand separation7
1633876117Different types of RNA exhibit various conformations...related to their function8
1633876118Cellular RNAs are _____________, some of which form_________________.single-stranded polynucleotides, well-defined secondary and tertiary structures9
1633876119Some RNAs, called ______________, have _________________.ribozymes, catalytic activity10
1633876120Secondary RNA structures:hairpin, stem-loop11
1633876121Tertiary StructurePseudoknot12
1633876122DNA is more stable than RNA due to...a hydroxyl group13
1633876123A template DNA strand is transcribed into a complimentary RNA chain by ________________.RNA polymerase14
1633876124__________________ are added one at the time to the 3' end of a growing RNARibonucleotides15
1633876125The sequence of the template DNA strand determines the order in which ______________________________________________.ribonucleotides are polymerized to form an RNA16
1633876126Organization of genes differs in ______________________________prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA17
1633876127In prokaryotes several protein-coding genes are commonly clustered into ____________________________.an operon, which is transcribed from a single promoter into one mRNA18
1633876128In eukaryotes each protein-coding gene is _____________________________transcribed from its own promoter19
1633876129Eukaryotic precursor mRNAs are processed to form __________________________.functional mRNAs20
1633876130Alternative RNA splicing increases __________________________.the number of proteins expressed from a single eukaryotic gene21
1633876131Three stages in RNA transcriptionInitiation, elongation, termination22
1633876132In prokaryotes all the genes are transcribed ___________, in eukaryotes, they are _________together, separate23
1633876133Messenger RNA carries information from DNA in a _________________three-letter genetic code24
1633876134Genetic information is transcribed from DNA into RNA in the form of a(n) ____________________________overlapping, degenerate triplet code25
1633876135Each amino acid is encoded by _______________________.one or more codons in mRNA26
1633876136Each codon specifies ________________.one amino acid27
1633876137The folded structure of tRNA promotes its ______________________decoding function28
1633876138Three-dimensional structure of tRNA includes an acceptor arm for attachment of a _____________________________________specific amino acid and a stem-loop with a three-base anticodon sequence at its end29
1633876139The tRNA anticodon can base-pair with __________________________________________its corresponding codon on mRNA30
1633876140Nonstandard base pairing often occurs between _____________________________________codons and anticodons31
1633876141Amino acids become activated when _____________________________________covalently linked to tRNAs32
1633876142Each of the 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases recognizes a single amino acid and ______________________________________.covalently links it to a cognate tRNA33
1633876143Genetic code is degenerate...more than one codon can code for a specific amino acid34
1633876144Wobble rule:only first 2 nucleotides have to be complementary35
1633876145Ribosomes are...protein-synthesizing machines36
1633876146Ribosomes are large __________________________________.ribonucleoprotein complexes and consist of a small and large subunits37
1633876147Methionyl-tRNAiMet recognizes the __________________________AUG start codon38
1633876148Eukaryotic translation initiation usually occurs at _______________________________________the first AUG closest to the 5' end of an mRNA.39
1633876149Each stage of translation - initiation, elongation and termination - requires ______________________________specific protein factors including GTP-binding proteins that hydrolyze GTP.40
1633876150During chain elongation each incoming aminoacyl-tRNA moves through three ribosomal sites:A-site, P-site, E-site41
1633876151Each strand in a parental duplex DNA acts as a template for _________________________________synthesis of a daughter strand and remains base-paired to the new strand (semiconservative mechanism).42
1633876152DNA polymerases require __________________________________a primer to initiate replication43
1633876153Duplex DNA is unwound, and daughter strands are formed at the...DNA replication fork.44
1633876154At a replication fork, one daughter strand (leading) is elongated ____________. The other (lagging) is formed as a ___________________________________.continuously, series of discontinuous (Okazaki) fragments from primers synthesized every few hundreds nucleotides45
1633876155DNA replication occurs ___________________ from each originbidirectionally46
1633876156DNA polymerases introduce copying ______________________________________errors and also correct them.47
1633876157Chemical and radiation damage to DNA can lead to...mutations48
1633876158High-fidelity DNA excision repair systems...recognize and repair damage49
1633876159Eukaryotic cells have three excision-repair systems for correcting DNA damage:Base excision, Mismatch excision, Nucleotide excision50
1633876160Two systems utilize recombination to repair double-strand breaks in DNA:-Non-homologous end-joining can link DNA segments from different chromosomes. -Homologous recombination can repair DNA damage and generate genetic diversity.51
1633876161Deamination leads to...point mutations52
1633876162Holliday structurean intermediate in DNA recombination with four DNA strands53
1633876163Alternative resolution of a Holliday structure:1) Cutting the bonds and ligating the ends regenerates the original chromosomes. 2) Cutting the bonds and ligating the ends generates recombinant chromosomes.54
1637305237Synthesis of all nucleic acids go from...5' to 3'55
1637306170Adenine and Thymine have ____ hydrogen bonds256
1637306171Cytosine and Guanine have ____ hydrogen bonds357
1637308227DNA does not have a __________ grouphydroxyl58
1637311590In eukaryotes transcription occurs only in the...nucleus59
1637311591Transcription starts at+160
1637311592Everything before +1 is consideredupstream61
1637311593Everything after +1 is considereddownstream62
1637318652Mature RNA excludes allIntrons63
1637337503What does tRNA do?brings amino acids to the site of protein synthesis64
1637337504rRNA is responsible for...formation of peptide bonds65
1637337505mRNA provides...the message for what protein should be present66
1637337506Small subunit of ribosomes is responsible for...initiation of translation67
1637337507Large subunit of ribosomes is responsible for...elongation and termination68
1637337508"A site" of ribosome is known as...acceptor site69
1637337509"P site" of ribosome is known as...peptide bonding70
1637337510"E site" of ribosome is known as...exit site71
1642786712Which structures are protein building machines?Ribosomes72
1642786713Base excisionrepairs T-G mismatches and damaged bases73
1642786714Mismatch excisionrepairs other mismatches and small insertions and deletions74
1642786715Nucleotide excisionrepairs chemical adducts that distort normal DNA shape75
1642786716Which DNA breaks are the most harmful in terms of cell life?double-strand breaks76
1642786717Virusessmall parasites that can replicate only in host cells. Viral genomes may be either DNA (DNA viruses) or RNA (RNA viruses) and either single- or double- stranded.77
1642786718Most viral host ranges are...narrow78
1642786719Viral capsids are...regular arrays of one or a few types of protein79
1642786720Some viruses have an outer...envelope, which is similar to the plasma membrane but contains viral transmembrane proteins.80
1642786721Lytic viral growth cycles lead to...death of host cells81
1642786722Lytic viral infection entails...absorption, penetration, synthesis of viral proteins and progeny genomes, assembly of progeny virions, and release of thousands of virions, leading to the death of host cell82
1642786723Viral DNA is...integrated into the host-cell genome in some non-lytic viral growth cycles.83
1642786724Non-lytic viral infection generally does not lead tocell death84

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