8th grade semester 2 physics. We are using the textbook Prentice Hall Physical Science, and this is only on physics, not chemistry. Need to ace your physics final? Try this.
Terms : Hide Images
| 72651436 | motion | a change in position, measured by distance and time | |
| 72651437 | speed | the distance traveled by a moving object per unit of time (distance/time) | |
| 72651438 | average speed | total distance/ total time | |
| 72651439 | velocity | speed in a given direction | |
| 72651440 | acceleration | the rate of change in velocity | |
| 72651441 | deceleration | a term commonly used to mean a decrease in speed | |
| 72651442 | force | any push or pull | |
| 72651443 | friction | a force that opposes motion | |
| 72651444 | gravity | the force of attraction between all objects in the universe | |
| 72651445 | free fall | an object falling under the influence of gravity | |
| 72651446 | weight | the effect of gravity on an object's mass | |
| 72651447 | momentum | the product of the mass of an object and its velocity (mass X velocity) | |
| 72651448 | Newton's 1st law of Motion | An object at rest will remain at rest, and a moving object will remain at a constant velocity unless unbalanced forces act on it | |
| 72651449 | Newton's 2nd law of Motion | Force = mass X acceleration | |
| 72651450 | Newton's 3rd law of Motion | For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction | |
| 72651451 | net force | the combination of all forces acting on an object | |
| 72651452 | unbalanced force | the cause of an object to start moving, stop moving or change direction | |
| 72651453 | balanced force | equal forces acting on one object | |
| 72651454 | inertia | tendency of an object to resist change in motion | |
| 72651455 | static friction | the friction that acts on objects that are NOT moving | |
| 72651456 | sliding friction | the friction that occurs when two surfaces slide over each other | |
| 72651457 | fluid friction | the friction that occurs when a solid object moves through a fluid | |
| 72651458 | rolling friction | the friction that occurs when an object rolls across a surface | |
| 72651459 | mass and distance | the two factors that affect gravity are: | |
| 72651460 | air resistance | a type of fluid friction on which objects falling through air experience upward force | |
| 72651461 | terminal velocity | the greatest velocity a falling object reaches, the point at which air resistance equals gravity | |
| 72651462 | projectile | an object that is thrown, the only force acting upon it is gravity | |
| 72651463 | centripetal force | force acting towards the center of a curved or circular path | |
| 72651464 | law of conservation of momentum | LAW: Momentum before a collision is equal to the momentum after the collision | |
| 72651465 | total momentum | sum of all objects moving together | |
| 72651466 | energy | the ability to do work or cause change | |
| 72651467 | law of conservation of energy | LAW: energy cannot be created or destroyed | |
| 72651468 | gravitational potential energy | the potential energy of an object related to the object's height | |
| 72651469 | wave | a repeating disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space | |
| 72651470 | mechanical waves | waves which require a medium are called: | |
| 72651471 | medium | a form of matter through which a wave travels | |
| 72651472 | transverse wave | a type of mechanical wave in which matter moves up and down at a right angle to the direction of the wave | |
| 72651473 | longitudinal (compression) wave | a type of mechanical wave in which matter moves back and forth parallel to the direction of the wave | |
| 72651474 | frequency | measures the number of waves that pass a certain point in one second | |
| 72651475 | Hertz | frequency is measured in: | |
| 72651476 | inversely | wavelength and frequency are _______ related | |
| 72651477 | crest | the highest part of a transverse wave | |
| 72651478 | trough | the lowest part of a transverse wave | |
| 72651479 | amplitude | the maximum distance the particles of a medium move away from their rest positions through a medium | |
| 72651480 | compression | a more compact section of a longitudinal (compression) wave | |
| 72651481 | rarefaction | a looser section of a longitudinal (compression) wave | |
| 72651482 | wavelength | the distance between two corresponding parts of a wave (crests or troughs) | |
| 72651483 | reflection | when an object hits a surface through which it cannot pass, it bounces | |
| 72651484 | refraction | when a wave enters a new medium at an angle, and one side bends before the other and changes speed before the other | |
| 72651485 | diffraction | when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it | |
| 72651486 | constructive interference | when two crests hit at the same time to create a larger wave | |
| 72651487 | destructive interference | when crests hit troughs, minimizing effects and creating a smaller wave | |
| 72651488 | compressional wave | sound is a __________ type of wave | |
| 72651489 | sound | a type of compressional wave that travels through the air as a series of compressions and rarefactions | |
| 72651490 | sound intensity | the energy of the sound wave | |
| 72651491 | different | different mediums cause sound to travel at _______ speeds | |
| 72651492 | decibel | unit for loudness | |
| 72651493 | outer ear | the section of the ear that gathers and channels sounds to the middle ear | |
| 72651494 | pinna | the outer ear is also known as the | |
| 72651495 | middle ear | the section of the ear that is an air filled cavity that amplifies and converts sound waves to vibrations | |
| 72651496 | middle ear | the eardrum is located in which section of the ear? | |
| 72651497 | hammer, anvil, stirrup | the three smallest bones in the human body, located in the middle ear are called the | |
| 72651498 | inner ear | the section of the ear that converts nerve impulses which are then interpreted by the brain | |
| 72651499 | cochlea | a snail shaped tube in the inner ear which is filled with around 20,000 hair cells that each have a specific frequency | |
| 72651500 | pitch | frequency = __________. | |
| 72651501 | loudness | amplitude = __________. | |
| 72651502 | infrasonic | sounds with frequencies below 20 hertz (humans cannot hear) | |
| 72651503 | ultrasonic | sounds with frequencies above 20,000 hertz (humans cannot hear) | |
| 72651504 | angle of incidence | the angle between the incoming ray of light and the normal | |
| 72651505 | angle of reflection | the angle between the outgoing ray of light and the normal | |
| 72651506 | law of reflection | LAW: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection | |
| 72651507 | focus (focal point) | a place in a lens or mirror where all of the parallel light rays meet | |
| 72651508 | image | what you think you see in a mirror or lens: the object is enlarged, reduced or moved | |
| 72651509 | convex | this type of lens magnifies | |
| 72651510 | convergent | a convex lens is ______________, because all the light rays come together | |
| 72651511 | concave | this type of lens reduces | |
| 72651512 | divergent | a concave lens is ______________, because the light rays spread apart | |
| 72651513 | concave | this type of mirror or lens looks like the sides have caved in )( | |
| 72651514 | convex | this type of mirror or lens has a middle that is bigger than the ends () | |
| 72651515 | opposite | lenses and mirrors work ___________ of each other. | |
| 72651516 | convex | this type of mirror reduces | |
| 72651517 | divergent | a convex mirror is _________, because all of the light rays spread apart | |
| 72651518 | concave | this type of mirror magnifies | |
| 72651519 | convergent | a concave mirror is ____________, because the light rays come together | |
| 72651520 | optical systems | microscopes, telescopes, binoculars and cameras are all examples of ________________ that use a combination of mirrors and lenses to let us see very distant or very small objects | |
| 72651521 | optics | the study of how light behaves | |
| 72651522 | normal | an imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the face of a mirror or lens | |
| 72651523 | mirror | an optical device that works by reflection | |
| 72651524 | lens | an optical device that works by refraction | |
| 72651525 | plane mirror | a flat sheet of glass that has a smooth, silver colored coating on one side | |
| 72651526 | virtual image | an upright image that forms where light seems to come from | |
| 72651527 | virtual | plane mirrors produce a ______________ image that is upright and the same size as the object | |
| 72651528 | virtual or real | concave mirrors can form either _______________ images | |
| 72651529 | real image | a type of image that forms when rays actually meet | |
| 72651530 | virtual | because the rays never meet, the images formed by convex mirrors are ___________ images and smaller than the object | |
| 72651531 | mirage | an image of a distant object caised by refraction of light | |
| 72651532 | position | the __________ of an object relitive to the focal point determines whether a convex lens produces a virtual or real image. | |
| 72651533 | cornea | light enters the eye through the transparent front surface called the | |
| 72651534 | pupil | an opening in the eye through which light enters the inside of the eye | |
| 72651535 | iris | a ring of muscle in the eye that contracts and expands to change the pupil's size and gives the eye its color | |
| 72651536 | retina | a layer of cells on the inside of the eyeball, made of rods and cones, where light rays hit | |
| 72651537 | transparent | a ____________ material transmits most of the light that strikes it. | |
| 72651538 | translucent | a ____________ material scatters light as it passes through | |
| 72651539 | opaque | a ____________material reflects or absorbs all of the light that strikes it | |
| 72651540 | primary colors of light | Red, green and blue are also known as the | |
| 72651541 | primary colors of pigments: | Magenta, yellow, and cyan are also known as the | |
| 72651542 | white | When combined together in equal amounts, the three primary colors of light produce this color light: | |
| 72651543 | black | When combined together in equal amounts, the three primary colors of pigments produce this color: | |
| 72651544 | pigments | Inks, paints and dyes contain these: | |
| 72651545 | optic nerve | the rods and cones send images to the brain along a short, thick nerve called the _______________. | |
| 72651546 | nearsighted | a type of vision that sees nearby things clearly, but objects at a distance are blurred because the eyeball is too long. | |
| 72651547 | farsighted | a type of vision that sees distant objects clearly, but nearby objects are blurred because the eyeball is too short. | |
| 72651548 | concave | Nearsighted vision can be corrected with this type of lens | |
| 72651549 | convex | Farsighted vision can be corrected with this type of lens | |
| 72651550 | circuit breaker | a reusable safety switch that breaks the circuit when the current becomes too high | |
| 72651551 | electric field | the region around a charged object where an electric force is present | |
| 72651552 | insulator | a material that does NOT allow electrical charges to move through it easily | |
| 72651553 | series circuit | an electrical circuit with a single path | |
| 72651554 | conductor | a material through which electrical charges can easily flow | |
| 72651555 | alternating current | electrical current that changes direction is called | |
| 72651556 | amperes (amps) | unit for the number of electrons moving in a current | |
| 72651557 | ohms | unit for electrical resistance | |
| 72651558 | resistance | the higher this is, the lower the current | |
| 72651559 | transformer | a device that increases or decreases the voltage of alternating current | |
| 72651560 | voltage | as this increases, so does the current | |
| 72651561 | magnet | any material that attracts iron or materials containing iron | |
| 72651562 | static electricity | clothes often stick together because of this | |
| 72651563 | electric force | this is the force between two charged objects | |
| 72651564 | magnetic pole | one of two points, such as the ends of a magnet, that have opposing magnetic qualities | |
| 72651565 | reference point | a place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion | |
| 72651566 | meters/second/second | unit for acceleration: | |
| 72651567 | not moving | on a graph showing distance vs. time, a horizontal line represents that the object is __________. | |
| 72651568 | constant speed | when the speed of an object does NOT change | |
| 72651569 | instantaneous speed | the rate at which an object is moving in a given instant | |
| 72651570 | electromagnetic waves | which waves have some electrical properties and some magnetic properties? | |
| 72651571 | medium | Electromagnetic waves transfer energy without a: | |
| 72651572 | speed | In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same : | |
| 72651573 | infared rays, microwaves, radio waves | visible light has a higher frequency than: | |
| 72651574 | electromagnetic spectrum | the range of electromagnetic waves placed in a certain order is called the: | |
| 72651575 | one million times faster | about how much faster that sound are electromagnetic waves? | |
| 72651576 | transverse | electromagnetic waves are classified as what type of wave? | |
| 72651577 | polarized | _____________ light consists of waves that vibrate in one direction only. | |
| 72651578 | infared radiation | thermograms are produced by what? | |
| 72651579 | visible light | the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum humans can see | |
| 72651580 | gamma rays | the highest frequency waves on the electromagnetic spectrum with the shortest wavelength and the greatest energy | |
| 72651581 | yellow | the most irritating color to the human eye is: | |
| 72651582 | work | a force exerted on an object that causes the object to move some distance ( force X distance) | |
| 72651583 | Joule | the unit for work is the: | |
| 72651584 | Newton | the unit for force is the: | |
| 72651585 | power | the rate at which work is done ( work/ time ) | |
| 72651586 | machine | a device that allows you to do work in a way that is easier | |
| 72651587 | mechanical advantage | the number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it ( output force/ input force ) | |
| 72651588 | 1st class lever | What class lever is this? effort----------load ^ Ex: see saw, scissors, oar | |
| 72651589 | 2nd class lever | What class lever is this? effort----load------ ^ Ex: bottle opener, wheelbarrow | |
| 72651590 | 3rd class lever | What class lever is this? load----effort----- e ^ Ex: rake, fishing rod, tweezers | |
| 72651591 | inclined plane | a flat, sloped surface that acts as a simple machine | |
| 72651592 | wedge | a device that is thick at one end and tapers to a thin edge at the other end | |
| 72651593 | screw | an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder | |
| 72651594 | lever | a rigid bar that is free to pivot or rotate on a fixed point | |
| 72651595 | fulcrum | the fixed point on which a lever is free to pivot or rotate | |
| 72651596 | wheel and axle | a simple machine made of two cylindrical objects fastened together that rotate around a common axis | |
| 72651597 | pulley | a simple machine made of a grooved wheel with a rope or cable around it | |
| 72651598 | fixed pulley | the type of pulley that requires more effort than the load to lift the load from the ground, does not need to be pushed or pulled up or down | |
| 72651599 | movable pulley | a type of pulley that moves with the load and allows the effort to be less than the weight of the load | |
| 72651600 | compound machine | a machine that utilizes two or more simple machines | |
| 72651601 | doppler effect | the change in frequenct of a wave as its source moves in relation to an observer | |
| 72651602 | dry cell | an electrochemical cell in which the electrolyte is a paste | |
| 72651603 | wet cell | an electrochemical cell in which the electrolyte is a liquid | |
| 72651604 | potential energy | stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object | |
| 72651605 | parallel circuit | an electric circuit with multiple paths | |
| 72651606 | kinetic energy | energy that an object has due to its motion | |
| 72651607 | temperature | speed of sound depends on the type of medium as well as its _______________. | |
| 72651608 | light | which is faster, light or sound? | |
| 72651609 | reflects | the color of an opaque object is the color of the light it _________. | |
| 72651610 | magenta | red light + blue light = | |
| 72651611 | cyan | blue light + green light = | |
| 72651612 | yellow | red light + green light = | |
| 72651613 | red | magenta pigment + yellow pigment = | |
| 72651614 | green | yellow pigment + cyan pigment = | |
| 72651615 | blue | magenta pigment + cyan pigment = | |
| 72651616 | light | when the electron calls back a photon is given off, creating this: | |
| 72651617 | absorption | when a wave is dampened inside a soft boundary | |
| 72651618 | density | sound travels faster in substances with a greater... |
