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| 5176705611 | Set point assumption | When bodies energy resources fall below a prescribed optimal - most people attribute hunger to the presence of an energy deficit - like thermostat regulated heated system | 0 | |
| 5177031710 | Three components to set-point system | set-point mechanism, detector mechanism, effector mechanism | 1 | |
| 5177035591 | Set-point mechanism | defines the set point | 2 | |
| 5177039177 | Detector mechanism | detects deviations from set-point | 3 | |
| 5177040717 | Effector mechanism | acts to eliminate the deviations | 4 | |
| 5177057415 | When did set-point make sense? | when it was though the brain was immutable - couldn't change - energy resources had to be highly regulated | 5 | |
| 5177061228 | Why does set-point not make sense now? | We know that the brain is plastic and capable of adaptation - no longer a logical imperative for set-point regulation of eating | 6 | |
| 5176705612 | RH hunger | Damage to medial temporal lobes - amnesia - would eat over and over | 7 | |
| 5176705613 | Digestion | Gastrointestinal process of breaking down food and absorbing its constituents into the body | 8 | |
| 5176728081 | Three forms of energy | Lipids, amino acids, glucose | 9 | |
| 5176731852 | Three forms of energy storage | fats, glycogen, proteins | 10 | |
| 5176735790 | Fats make up | Most of bodies energy reserve - relatively little glycogen or protein | 11 | |
| 5176745409 | Two reasons fat is primary energy store | 1. a gram of fat can store twice as much energy (4 vs. 9) 2. glycogen attracts and holds substantial amounts of water which would make us much larger than average people are | 12 | |
| 5176750273 | Three phases of energy metabolism | cephalic phase, absorptive phase, fasting phase | 13 | |
| 5176751807 | Energy metabolism | the chemical changes by which energy is made available for an organism's use | 14 | |
| 5176755283 | Cephalic phase | starts when we see, smell, or think about food - ends when food starts to be absorbed into the bloodstream | 15 | |
| 5176758712 | Absorptive phase | period during which energy absorbed into the bloodstream from the meal is meeting the body's immediate energy needs | 16 | |
| 5176764470 | Fasting phase | all un-stored energy from previous meal is used up and the body is withdrawing energy from its reservers to meet immediate energy needs - this phase ends when the next cephalic phase begins | 17 | |
| 5176776794 | Two hormones that control the flow of energy during three phases of energy metabolism | Pancreatic hormones: insulin and glucagon | 18 | |
| 5176782416 | Hormone released during cephalic and absorptive phase | lots of insulin and very little glucagon - cephalic phase = lower levels of blood-borne fuels, primarily glucose, in anticipation of the impending influx. absorptive phase = minimize the increasing levels of blood-borne fuels by utilizing and storing them | 19 | |
| 5176804631 | Hormone released during fasting phase | lots of glucagon and low insulin in blood - without lots of insulin, glucose has difficulty entering most body cells so the body store relying on glucose in blood which is saved for the brain [insulin is not required for glucose to enter most brain cells] | 20 | |
| 5176826688 | Low levels of insulin promote what conversion? | glycogen and protein to glucose - gluconeogenesis | 21 | |
| 5176833767 | High levels of glucagon promote | release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue to use as bodies primary fuel - also stimulate conversion of free fatty acids to ketones which are used by muscles as a source of energy during fasting phase [the brain will also use ketones during prolonged fasting] | 22 | |
| 5176856361 | Satiated | no longer hungry | 23 | |
| 5177046537 | Negative feedback systems | systems in which feedback from changes in one direction elicit compensatory effects in the opposite direction - act to maintain homeostasis | 24 | |
| 5177051236 | Homeostasis | stable internal environment - critical for mammals survival | 25 | |
| 5177069143 | Glucostatic theory | we become hungry when blood-glucose levels drop significantly below their set-point - we are promoted to eat to return our blood-glucose to their set-point | 26 | |
| 5177073821 | Lipostatic theory | every person has a set-point for body fat - deviations from this set-point produce compensatory adjustments in the level of eating that return level of body fat to their set-point | 27 | |
| 5177085972 | Glucostatic & Lipostatic | viewed as complementary - not mutually exclusive | 28 | |
| 5177097214 | Dominate view in 1950s | eating regulated by short-term glucostatic system (initiation and termination of meals) and long-term lipostatic system *Some texts still present them as latest info | 29 | |
| 5236791700 | Positive-incentive perspective | humans and other animals are not normally driven to eat by internal energy deficits but are drawn to eat by the anticipated pleasure of eating [several different theories] | 30 | |
| 5236802655 | Positive-incentive value | or Hedonic value - the anticipated pleasure of a behaviour | 31 | |
| 5236935902 | Pavlovian Conditioning of Hunger | Weingarten - conditioned rats at 6 meals a day with light and buzzer for 11 days - then gave rat continuos food but the rats would still eat when the light and buzzer went off even if they already ate | 32 | |
| 5236971126 | Satiety | the motivational state that causes us to stop eating a meal when there if food remaining | 33 | |
| 5237006251 | Sham eating | rats esophagus leads to outside the body - the meals should be larger because there is no internal cue of satiety from stomach or gut, however the first few meals remain small and gradually get bigger | 34 | |
| 5237017559 | Appetizer effect | small amounts of food before a meal actually increase hunger rather than reduce it [small amounts of food are effective in eliciting cephalic-phase responses] | 35 | |
| 5237059129 | Serving size effect | how much we eat has been shown to depend on serving size - larger serving, more food consumed | 36 | |
| 5237064701 | Social influence of satiety | depend on weather we eat alone or with others - tend to consume more with others | 37 | |
| 5237074124 | Cafeteria diet effect | rats increased calories by 84% when given more options - they increased weight by 49% in 120 days - this happens because when you eat one food the positive-incentive value for that food goes up but the others stay the same - you get staited for the food but when another food is there you will eat that because the positive-value did not go up for that food | 38 | |
| 5237115454 | Sensory-specific satiety | group asked to rate 8 foods, they ate 1 of the foods as a meal and then asked to rate all 8 again. the rating of the food they ate went down - they had just consumed a lot so it wasn't as appetizing anymore - also when offered a second food they would eat most of it unless it was the food they already ate a meal of | 39 | |
| 5237178780 | Two kinds of effects of sensory-specific satiety | Rolls (1990) 1. brief effects that influence selection of foods within a single meal 2. enduring effects that influence the selection of foods from meal to meal | 40 | |
| 5237246429 | Hyperphagia | excessive eating - leading to extreme obesity in rats | 41 | |
| 5237249901 | VMH syndrome | ventromdial hypothalamus hyperphagia - cause by bilateral electrolytic lesions to VH | 42 | |
| 5237256632 | Phases of VMH | dynamic & static | 43 | |
| 5237258597 | Dynamic VMH phase | as soon as subject regains consciousness - several weeks of grossly excessive eating and rapid weight gain | 44 | |
| 5237277591 | Static VMH phase | starts when consumption of food gradually declines just to a level that maintains obesity | 45 | |
| 5237302126 | Aphagia | stop eating | 46 | |
| 5237309934 | LH syndrome | bilateral electrolytic lesions to lateral hypothalamus produces aphagia | 47 | |
| 5237328259 | Adipsia | cessation of drinking | 48 | |
| 5237391716 | Lipogenesis | production of body fat | 49 | |
| 5237393299 | Lipolysis | breakdown of body fat to utilizable forms of energy | 50 | |
| 5237464491 | Duodenum | first segment of small intestine | 51 | |
| 5237542016 | Peptides | short chain amino acids - that can function as hormones and neurotransmitters | 52 | |
| 5237565795 | Satiety peptides | CCK [cholecystokinin] , bombesin, glucagon, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, somatostatin) several gut peptides that bind to receptors in brain (particularly hypothalamus involved in energy metabolism) | 53 | |
| 5237597749 | Hunger peptides | peptides that increase appetite - these peptides tend to be synthesized in brain (particularly in the hypothalamus) - neuropeptide Y, galanin, orexin-A, ghrelin | 54 | |
| 5237677063 | Serotonin | monoaminergic neurotransmitter | 55 | |
| 5237680867 | Serotonin agonists | fenfluramine, dexfenfluamine, fluoxetine [have been shown to reduce hunger, eating, and body weight in obese humans ] | 56 | |
| 5237687622 | Prader-Willi syndrome | accident of chromosomal replication - experience insatiable hunger, little or no satiety, and exceptionally slow metabolism | 57 | |
| 5237767594 | ab libitum | free feeding | 58 | |
| 5238532803 | diet-induced thermogenesis | body adjusts the efficiency of it's energy utilization in response to it's levels of body fat | 59 | |
| 5238542247 | Settling-point | the level at which various factors that influence body weight achieve an equilibrium - loose homeostatic regulation without returning to set-point | 60 | |
| 5238585888 | nonexercise activty thermogenesis | NEAT - generated by activities such as fidgeting and maintenance of posture and muscle tone - small role | 61 | |
| 5238597663 | Leptin | peptide that fat actively releases | 62 | |
| 5238606552 | ob/ob mice | mice that had a genetic mutation - gene expressed only in fat cells - protein in normally encodes and peptide hormone named leptin - the ob/ob mice lack leptin | 63 | |
| 5238615456 | Support for insulin as a negative feedback signal for body fat | - brain levels of insulin were found positively correlated with levels of body fat -receptors for insulin were found in brain -infusions of insulin int the brain of lab animals were found to reduce eating and body weight | 64 | |
| 5238620743 | subcutaneous fat | fat under the skin - leptin levels more closely corrected with this fat | 65 | |
| 5238622273 | visceral fat | fat stored around internal organs - insulin levels more closely correlated | 66 | |
| 5238625746 | arcuate nucleus | an area of hypothalamus that that has many receptors for leptin and insulin | 67 | |
| 5238628817 | neuropeptide Y | the gut hunger peptide | 68 | |
| 5238630267 | melanocortins | class of peptides that includes the gut satiety peptide a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone | 69 | |
| 5238640984 | melanocortin system | main focus of melancortin system - only minor component to much larger system | 70 | |
| 5238662977 | gastric bypass | short circuiting the normal pathway of food through the digestive tract so absorption is reduced | 71 | |
| 5238669559 | adjustable gastric band procedure | surgically positioning a hollow silicone band around the stomach to reduce flow of food through it - band can readily be removed | 72 | |
| 5238714214 | anorexia nervosa | not eating - dangerous starvation | 73 | |
| 5238715523 | bulimia nervosa | binging and purging (vomiting, laxatives, enemas, diuretics, extreme exercise ) | 74 | |
| 5238723484 | bradycardia | slow heart rate | 75 | |
| 5238724644 | hypotension | low blood pressure | 76 | |
| 5238725079 | hypothermia | low body temp | 77 |
