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| 680985304 | Recombinant DNA contains? | DNA from more than one source. | |
| 680985305 | Restriction enzymes are useful because? | You can mix and match DNA from different sources. | |
| 680985306 | Plasmid | small, circular piece of DNA that is not the main chromosome | |
| 680985307 | Transformation | putting DNA into bacteria | |
| 680985308 | What 4 things are needed for transformation to occur? | PCR, restriction enzymes, recombinant DNA and plasmids. | |
| 680985309 | Restriction enzymes protein cuts DNA at a | specific sequence (called the restriction site) | |
| 680985310 | Sticky ends can | be stuck back together with hydrogen bonds | |
| 680985311 | Most sticky ends can be read the same from 5' to 3' - these are called | palindromes | |
| 680985312 | In PCR which gene fragment travels the fasted and toward what electrical node do they move towards | smallest travels the fastest; toward the positive node because DNA has a negative charge | |
| 680985313 | Insertion or deletion have a better or worse effect than base substitution and why? | worse because it can cause a frameshift (change in the reading frame) | |
| 680985314 | In general, what does regulation of gene expression control in a gene? | Whether the gene is on/off and this determines whether gene is being transcribed and translated. | |
| 680985315 | What 3 reasons is it necessary for genes to be regulated? | In order to develop and maintain different cell types, control cell division, and to respond to changes in the environment. | |
| 680985316 | The genes which are always on are called and these genes _______ to the environment | constitutive genes; Do not repsond to the environment. | |
| 680985317 | The genes which can be turned on/off are called | inducible genes; these respond to the environment. | |
| 680985318 | What are the two types of gene regulation? | negative and positive. | |
| 680985319 | When a repressor binding site is bound, what happens to the gene? What about when nothing is bound to it? | The gene is turned off once bound; if nothing is bound it remains on. | |
| 680985320 | When a activator binding site is bound, what happens to the gene? What about when nothing is bound to it? | The gene is turned on once bound; if nothing is bound it remains off. | |
| 680985321 | What is bacteria's preferred molecule to break down? What happens if this molecule is not readily available, what does the bacteria do for "food"? | glucose; if glucose is not available then the bacterium will turn on the genes necessary to break down whatever sugar source is readily available. | |
| 680985322 | A coordinately regulated cluster of genes that share the same promoter is called the | operon. | |
| 680985323 | Name the 5 parts of the bacterial lac operon and which are regulated by the same promoter? | P lac lac O lac Z lac Y lac A Lac ZYA - all regulated by same promoter. | |
| 680985324 | In the bacterial lac operon, what is the job of the P lac? | promoter | |
| 680985325 | In the bacterial lac operon, what is the job of lac O? | operator | |
| 680985326 | In the bacterial lac operon, what is the job of lac Z? | β galactosidase enzyme | |
| 680985327 | In the bacterial lac operon, what is the job of lac Y | permease | |
| 680985328 | In the bacterial lac operon, what is the job of lac A | transacetylase | |
| 680985329 | What 2 jobs does the β galactosidase enzyme have? Which part of the bacterial lac operon is it produced from? | splits the glucose molecule into glucose + galactose AND converts some lactose into allolactose; produced from lac Z. | |
| 680985330 | What is the job of permease? Which part of the bacterial lac operon is it produced from? | permease is a transporter protein and it brings lactose into the cell; produced from lac Y. | |
| 680985331 | What is the job of transacetylase? Which part of the bacterial lac operon is it produced from? | ... | |
| 680985332 | Negative regulation is when | a repressor binds to a gene and it is kept OFF unless needed. | |
| 680985333 | Repressor protein's are encoded by? What kind of gene is this? What object to they resemble? | Lac I gene; constitutive (always on); (look like a pair of pants) | |
| 680985334 | What does the repressor protein do when lactose is present? | When lactose is present it binds allolactose, this causes a change in shape and since only 1 of 2 binding sites on a repressor protein can be used at once it cannot bind to lac O. Thus, RNA polymerase is not happy. | |
| 680985335 | What does the repressor protein do when lactose is absent? | It binds to lac O; thus, RNA polymerase is sad. | |
| 680985336 | Name 3 examples of eukaryotic gene expression. | 1. Transcription factor protons 2. Methylation 3. Histone tail acetylation | |
| 680985337 | Methylation, an example of eukaryotic gene expression, does what and what effect does this have? | Adds -CH₃ to the "C" bases, which turns off transcription. | |
| 680985338 | Histone tail acetylation, an example of eukaryotic gene expression, does what and what effect does this have? | Adds O=C-CH₃ to histone tail, which makes the DNA more losely packed so this often turns genes on because they're more readily available. | |
| 680985339 | Transcription factor protons, an example of eukaryotic gene expression has what effect? | Transcription factor protons can bind DNA and influence transcription. |
