1047036495 | Absorption spectrum | Range of wavelengths that a given type of pigment can absorb. | 1 | |
1047036496 | Accessory pigment | A pigment that absorbs and transfers light energy to a photo system; extends the range of light wavelengths for photosynthesis. | 2 | |
1047036497 | ATP synthases | A type of membrane-bound active transport protein that also catalyzes the formation of ATP. | 3 | |
1047036498 | Autotrophs | An organism that synthesizes its own food. | 4 | |
1047036499 | C3 plants | Type of plant in which three carbon PGA is the first stable intermediate to form after carbon fixation. | 5 | |
1047036500 | C4 plants | Type of plant in which four-carbon oxaloacetate is the first stable intermediate to form after initial carbon fixation; in these plants, carbon is fixed twice, in two different types of photosynthetic cells. | 6 | |
1047036501 | Calvin-Benson cycle | Cyclic reactions that form sugar and regenerate RuBP in the second stage of photosynthesis. The reactions require carbon (from carbon dioxide). They use energy from ATP and hydrogens and electrons from NADPH, both of which form in the first stage | 7 | |
1047036502 | CAM Plants | Type of plant that conserves water by opening stomata only at night, when it fixes carbon by repeated turns of the C4 pathway; stand for crassulacean acid metabolism. | 8 | |
1047036503 | Carbon fixation | Process by which any autotrophic cell incorporates carbon atoms into a stable organic compound. Different cells get carbon dioxide from the air or dissolved in water. | 9 | |
1047036504 | Cartenoids | One of a class of accessory pigments in photosynthesis that reflected red, orange, and yellow light. One kind, beta-carotene, is a precursor of vitamin A. | 10 | |
1047036505 | Chlorophyll a | In plants and algae, a pigment that is a receptor for the photon energy required to start photosynthesis; it absorbs mainly violet and red light and reflects or transmits green light. | 11 | |
1047036506 | Chlorophyll b | An accessory pigment that absorbs mainly blue and orange light. | 12 | |
1047036507 | Chloroplasts | Organelle of photosynthesis in plants and algae. Two outer membranes enclose a semifluid interior, the stroma. A third membrane forms a compartment inside that functions in ATP and NADPH formation; sugars form in the stroma | 13 | |
1047036508 | Cuticle | Of plants, a cover of transparent waxes and cutin on the outer wall of epidermal cells. Of annelids, a thin and flexible coat. Of arthropods, a lightweight exoskeleton hardened with chitin. | 14 | |
1047036509 | Cycle pathways | Old photosynthetic pathway. Photon energy forces electrons out of membrane-bound photosystems to transfer systems, which return them to the photosystems. Electron flow across the membrane sets up H+ gradients that drive ATP formation. | 15 | |
1047036510 | Electromagnetic spectrum | All wavelengths of photon energy from gamma rays less than 10-5 nanometers long to radio waves more than 10 kilometers long. | 16 | |
1047036511 | Electron transfer chains | Array of enzymes and other molecules in a cell membrane that accept and give up electrons in sequence; operation of chain releases the energy of the electrons in small, usable increments. | 17 | |
1047036512 | Heterotrophs | Organism that cannot make its own food. | 18 | |
1047036513 | Light-dependent reaction | First stage of photosynthesis. Pigments trap photon energy, which is transduced to ATP chemical energy. In a noncycle pathway, a reduced coenzyme, NAPDH, also forms. | 19 | |
1047036514 | Light-independent reaction | Second stage of photosynthesis. Involves carbon fixation and cyclic reactions that form sugars and regenerate an organic compound that is the cycle's entry point. ATP from the first stage delivers energy that drives the reactions. NADPH from the first stage donates electrons and hydrogen building blocks. The carbon and nitrogen come from CO2. | 20 | |
1047036515 | Noncyclic pathway | The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis that produce both ATP and NADPH; its oxygen by-product is the basis of Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere | 21 | |
1047036516 | Photolysos | Reactions that split water molecules, which release electrons for the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis; oxygen is a by-product. | 22 | |
1047036517 | Photosynthesis | The process by which photoautotrophs capture sunlight energy and use it in the formation of ATP and NADPH, then in the formation of sugars from carbon dioxide and water. ATP gives up energy that drives the sugar-building reactions, and NADPH donates electrons and hydrogen building blocks. | 23 | |
1047036518 | Photosystems | In photosynthetic cells, a cluster of membrane-bound pigments and other molecules; it converts light energy to chemical energy. | 24 | |
1047036519 | Pigments | Any light-absorbing molecule. | 25 | |
1047036520 | Reaction center | At a photosystem's center, a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules; the center loses electrons on absorption of photon energy, thereby initiating the lightdependent reactions of photosynthesis. | 26 | |
1047036521 | Stomata | A gap between two plumped guard cells that lets water vapor and gases diffuse across the epidermis of a leaf or primary stem; diffusion stops when the cells lose water and collapse. | 27 | |
1047036522 | Stroma | The semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane system and two outer membranes of a chloroplast were sucrose, starch, cellulose, and other end products of photosynthesis are built. | 28 | |
1047036523 | Thylakoid membrane | A chloroplast's inner membrane system, often folded as flattened secs, that forms a continuous compartment in the stroma. In the first stage of photosynthesis, pigments and enzymes in the membrane function in the formation of ATP and NADPH | 29 | |
1047036524 | Wavelength | The distance between the crests of two successive wavelike forms of energy in motion. | 30 | |
1047036525 | Activation energy | Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction; enzyme action lowers this energy barrier. Reactions differ in the amount required. | 31 | |
1047036526 | Active sites | Chemically stable crevice in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction can be catalyzed repeatedly. | 32 | |
1047036527 | ADP | Adenosine disphosphate. A nucleotide with in adenine bind and two phosphate groups. | 33 | |
1047036528 | Antioxidants | Any enzyme or cofactor that helps neutralize free radicals before than damage tissues. | 34 | |
1047036529 | ATP | Adenosine triphosphate. A type of nucleotide that functions as the main energy carrier between reaction sites in cells. Consists of the base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. | 35 | |
1047036530 | ATP/ADP cycle | How a cell regenerates its ATP supply. ADP forms when ATP gives up a phosphate group, then ATP forms as ADP binds to inorganic phosphate or a phosphate group split from a molecule | 36 | |
1047036531 | Binding energy | Energy released as weak bonds form between a substrate, enzyme, and any cofactor | 37 | |
1047036532 | Bioluminescence | Fluorescent light formed when certain organisms convert chemical bond energy to photon energy. | 38 | |
1047036533 | Biosynthetic pathway (anabolic) | Any metabolic pathway by which one or more organic compounds are synthesized | 39 | |
1047036534 | Chemical energy | Potential energy in the bonds between atoms in molecules | 40 | |
1047036535 | Chemical equilibrium | No net change in concentrations of reactants and products in a reversible chemical reaction. | 41 | |
1047036536 | Coenzymes | An organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some enzymatic reactionsl helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups; e.g., a vitamin, ATP, NAD+ | 42 | |
1047036537 | Cofactors | A metal ion or a coenzyme that assists an enzyme in catalysis by accepting or donating electrons or functional groups. | 43 | |
1047036538 | Degradative pathway (catabolic) | Any of the stepwise series of metabolic reactions that break down organic compounds. | 44 | |
1047036539 | Endergonic reaction | A chemical reaction that requires a net energy input and converts more stale reactants into less stable products; not spontaneous. | 45 | |
1047036540 | Entropy | Measure of how much and how far a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed after an energy change. | 46 | |
1047036541 | Enzymes | A type of protein that catalyzes (speeds) a chemical reaction. Some RNAs also show catalytic activity. | 47 | |
1047036542 | Exergonic reaction | Any chemical reaction with a net energy loss. | 48 | |
1047036543 | FAD | Flavin adenine dinucleotide. A tyoe of nucleotide coenzyme; transfers electrons and H+ from one reaction site to another. | 49 | |
1047036544 | Feedback inhibition | Mechanism by which a change that results from some cellular activity triggers responses that decrease or shut down the activity. | 50 | |
1047036545 | First law of thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed | 51 | |
1047036546 | Free radicals | Any unbound molecular fragment with an unpaired electron. | 52 | |
1047036547 | Induced-fit model | Explanation of how some enzymes work; their shape changes and fits a bound substrate more closely, and the tension destabilizes substrate bonds so that they can break. | 53 | |
1047036548 | Intermediates | A substance formed between the started and end of a metabolic pathway. | 54 | |
1047036549 | Kilocalorie | 1,000 calories of heat energy; amount needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1°C. Standard unit of measure for food's caloric content. | 55 | |
1047036550 | Kinetic energy | Energy of morion | 56 | |
1047036551 | Metabolic pathways | A stepwise sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions. | 57 | |
1047036552 | Metabolism | All the controlled, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they synthesize, store, degrade, and eliminate substances. | 58 | |
1047036553 | NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine phosphate. A phosphorylated nucleotide coenzymel after it accepts electrons and H+, abbreviated as NADH | 59 | |
1047036554 | NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A phosphorylated nucleotide coenzyme; after it accepts electrons and H+, abbreviated NADPH2. | 60 | |
1047036555 | Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox) | Transfer of electrons between reactant molecules. | 61 | |
1047036556 | Phosphorylation | Enzyme-mediated transfer of a phosphate group to an organic compound. | 62 | |
1047036557 | Potential energy | An object's capacity to do work owing to its position in space or the arrangement of its parts. | 63 | |
1107543738 | actin | Protein monomer of microfilaments that functions in contraction, cell division, and reinforcing or reconfiguring the shape of a cell or its contents. | 64 | |
1107543739 | adhering junctions | Complex of adhesion proteins that anchors cells to each other and to extracellular matrixes. | 65 | |
1107543740 | Archaea | Domain of prokaryotic species; one of two lineages that evolved shortly after life originated. Archaeans have many unique molecular and biochemical traits but also share some traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotic species. | 66 | |
1107543741 | Bacteria | Domain of prokaryotic species; the first kinds of cells that formed after life originated. Collectively, bacteria are the most metabolically diverse organisms. Most kinds are chemoheterotrophs. | 67 | |
1107543742 | basal body | An organelle that started out as a centriole, the source of a 9+2 array of microtubules in a cilium or flagellum. It remains below the finished array. | 68 | |
1107543743 | cell | Smallest unit that still displays the properties of life; it has the capacity to survive and reproduce on its own. | 69 | |
1107543744 | cell cortex | A dynamic mesh of crosslinked cytoskeletal elements just underneath the plasma membrane and attached to it. | 70 | |
1107543745 | cell junctions | Of a tissue, any molecular structure that connects adjoining cells physically, chemically, or both at their plasma membranes. | 71 | |
1107543746 | cell theory | All organisms consist of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of organization still displaying the properties of life, and life's continuity arises directly from growth and division of single cells. | 72 | |
1107543747 | cell wall | Of many cells (not animal cells), a semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane; helps a cell retain its shape and resist rupturing. | 73 | |
1107543748 | central vacuole | In many mature, living plant cells, an organelle that stores amino acids, sugars, and some wastes; when it enlarges during growth, it forces the cell to enlarge and increase its surface area. | 74 | |
1107543749 | centriole | A barrel-shaped structure that arises from a centrosome and organizes newly forming microtubules into a 9+2 array inside a cilium or flagellum. | 75 | |
1107543750 | chloroplasts | Organelle of photosynthesis in plants and algae. Two outer membranes enclose a semifluid interior, the stroma. A third membrane forms a compartment inside that functions in ATP and NADPH formation; sugars form in the stroma. | 76 | |
1107543751 | chromatin | All of the DNA molecules and associated proteins in a nucleus. | 77 | |
1107543752 | chromosomes | In eukaryotic cells, a linear DNA double helix with many histones and other proteins attached. See also Bacterial chromosome | 78 | |
1107543753 | cilium, cilia | A motile structure with a 9+2 array of microtubules that projects from the plasma membrane of certain eukaryotic cells. Modified cilia, such as those of hair cells, have sensory functions. | 79 | |
1107543754 | cyanobacteria | A type of single-celled photoautotroph; the first to use a noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis, which slowly enriched the early atmosphere with oxygen. | 80 | |
1107543755 | cytoplasm | All cell parts, particles, and semifluid substances between the plasma membrane and the nucleus or nucleoid. | 81 | |
1107543756 | cytoskeleton | In a eukaryotic cell, the dynamic framework of diverse protein filaments that structurally support, organize, and move the cell and internal structures. Prokaryotic cells have a few similar protein filaments. | 82 | |
1107543757 | endomembrane system | Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and transport vesicles concerned with modification of many new proteins, lipid assembly, and their transport within the cytoplasm or to the plasma membrane for export. | 83 | |
1107543758 | endoplasmic reticulum | ER. Organelle that extends from the nuclear envelope through cytoplasm. Ribosomes coat the cytoplasmic side of rough ER, which modifes many new polypeptide chains in its lumen. Membrane lipids are assembled, fatty acids are broken down, and some toxins are inactivated in the lumen of smooth ER. | 84 | |
1107543759 | endosymbiosis | An intimate, permanent ecological interaction in which one species lives and reproduces in the other's body to the benefit of one or both. | 85 | |
1107543760 | flagellum, flagella | Of many eukaryotic cells, a long, whip-like motile structure with an inner 9+2 array of microtubules. Prokaryotic flagella do not have this array and are not whiplike; they rotate like a propeller. | 86 | |
1107543761 | gap junctions | Cylindrical arrays of proteins in the plasma membrane of adjoining cells; they pair up as open channels for rapid flows of ions and small molecules. | 87 | |
1107543762 | Golgi bodies | Organelle of endomembrane system; its enzymes modify many new polypeptide chains, assemble lipids, and package both inside vesicles for secretion or for use inside cell. | 88 | |
1107543763 | intermediate filaments | Cytoskeletal element that mechanically strengthens some cells. | 89 | |
1107543764 | lignin | Gluelike polymer deposited in secondary cell walls; makes some plant parts stronger, more waterproof, and less vulnerable to attacks. | 90 | |
1107543765 | lipid bilayer | Structural basis of all cell membranes; mainly phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail in two layers, with hydrophilic heads of one dissolved in cytoplasmic fluid and heads of the other in extracellular fluid. | 91 | |
1107543766 | lysosome | Vesicle filled with enzymes that functions in intracellular digestion. | 92 | |
1107543767 | microfilaments | The thinnest cytoskeletal element; consists of actin subunits that function in cell contraction, movement, and structural support. | 93 | |
1107543768 | microtubules | Largest cytoskeletal element; a filament of tubulin subunits. Contributes to cell shape, growth, and motion. | 94 | |
1107543769 | motor proteins | A type of accessory protein that interacts with microfilaments or with microtubules to move cell structures or the whole cell; e.g., myosin. | 95 | |
1107543770 | myosin | An ATP-energized motor protein that moves cell components on cytoskeletal tracks. Interacts with actin in sarcomeres to bring about contraction. | 96 | |
1107543771 | nuclear envelope | A double membrane that is the outer boundary of the nucleus. | 97 | |
1107543772 | nucleoid | The portion of a prokaryotic cell where DNA is physically organized but not enclosed in a membrane. | 98 | |
1107543773 | nucleolus | In an interphase nucleus, a mass of material from which RNA and proteins are assembled into the subunits of ribosomes. | 99 | |
1107543774 | nucleus | Large organelle with an outer envelope of two pore-ridden lipid bilayers that separates eukaryotic chromosomes from the cytoplasm. | 100 | |
1107543775 | organelles | One of the membrane-bound compartments that carry out specialized metabolic functions in eukaryotic cells; e.g., a nucleus, mitochondria. | 101 | |
1107543776 | peroxisomes | Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances such as ethanol. | 102 | |
1107543777 | phospholipid | A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head. The main constituent of cell membranes. | 103 | |
1107543778 | plasma membrane | Outer cell membrane; the structural and functional boundary between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid. | 104 | |
1107543779 | plasmodesma, plasmodesmata | A plant cell junction that connects the cytoplasm of adjoining cells. | 105 | |
1107543780 | primary wall | The first thin, pliable wall of young plant cells. | 106 | |
1107543781 | prokaryotes | A single-celled organism, often walled, that does not have the organelles characteristic of eukaryotic cells. Only bacteria and archaeans are prokaryotic. | 107 | |
1107543782 | pseudopods | A dynamic lobe of membrane enclosed cytoplasm; functions in motility and phagocytosis by amoebas, amoeboid cells, and many white blood cells. | 108 | |
1107543783 | ribosomes | The site of polypeptide chain synthesis in all cells. An intact one has two subunits of rRNA and proteins. | 109 | |
1107543784 | secondary wall | A rigid, permeable wall inside the primary wall of many plant cells; forms after the first growing season. | 110 | |
1107543785 | stroma | The semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane system and two outer membranes of a chloroplast where sucrose, starch, cellulose, and other end products of photosynthesis are built. | 111 | |
1107543786 | tight junctions | An array of many strands of fibrous proteins collectively joining the sides of cells that make up an epithelium; the array prevents solutes from leaking between the cells. | 112 | |
1107543787 | vesicles | A small, membrane-bound sac in the cytoplasm; different sacs transport or store substances or hold enzymes that digest their contents. | 113 | |
1107543788 | active transport | Pumping of a specific solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, through the interior of a transport protein. Requires energy input, as from ATP. | 114 | |
1107543789 | adhesion proteins | Of multicelled species, a plasma membrane protein that helps cells stick together in tissues and to extracellular matrixes such as basement membrane. | 115 | |
1107543790 | biofilms | Large microbial populations that anchored themselves to epithelium, rocks, or other surfaces by their own secretions. | 116 | |
1107543791 | bulk flow | The mass movement of one or more substances in the same direction, most often in response to pressure. | 117 | |
1107543792 | calcium pump | Active transport protein; pumps calcium ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient. | 118 | |
1107543793 | communication proteins | A membrane protein that helps form an open channel between the cytoplasm of adjoining cells. | 119 | |
1107543794 | concentration gradient | Net movement of like ions or molecules from a region where they are most concentrated to an adjoining region where they are less concentrated; they move down their concentration gradient. | 120 | |
1107543795 | electric gradient | A difference in electric charge between adjoining regions. | 121 | |
1107543796 | endocytosis | Cell uptake of substances by forming vesicles from patches of plasma membrane. Three modes are receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and the bulk transport of extracellular fluid. | 122 | |
1107543797 | exocytosis | Fusion of a cytoplasmic vesicle with the plasma membrane; as it becomes part of the membrane, its contents are released to extracellular fluid. | 123 | |
1107543798 | fluid mosaic model | A cell membrane has a mixed composition (mosaic) of lipids and proteins, the interactions and motions of which impart fluidity to it. | 124 | |
1107543799 | hydrostatic pressure | Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a cell wall, membrane, or some other structure that contains it; also called turgor pressure. | 125 | |
1107543800 | hypertonic solution | Of two fluids, the one with the higher solute concentration. | 126 | |
1107543801 | hypotonic solution | Of two fluids, the one with the lower solute concentration. | 127 | |
1107543802 | isotonic solution | Any fluid having the same solute concentration as another fluid to which it is being compared. | 128 | |
1107543803 | osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region where the water concentration is higher to a region where it is lower. | 129 | |
1107543804 | osmotic pressure | The amount of pressure which, when applied to a hypertonic fluid, will stop osmosis from occurring across a semipermeable membrane. | 130 | |
1107543805 | passive transport | Diffusion of a solute across a cell membrane, through the interior of a transport protein. | 131 | |
1107543806 | phagocytosis | "Cell eating," a common endocytic pathway by which various cells engulf food bits, microbes, and cellular debris. | 132 | |
1107543807 | pressure gradient | Difference in pressure between two adjoining regions. | 133 | |
1107543808 | recognition proteins | One of a class of glycoproteins or glycolipids that project above the plasma membrane and that identify a cell as nonself (foreign) or self (belonging to one's own body tissue). | 134 | |
1107543809 | selective permeability | Built-in capacity of a cell membrane to prevent or allow specific substances from crossing it at certain times, in certain amounts. | 135 | |
1107543810 | sodium-potassium pump | Cotransporter that, when energized, actively transports sodium out of a cell and helps potassium passively diffuse into it at the same time. | 136 | |
1107543811 | tonicity | Relative solute concentrations of two fluids. | 137 | |
1107543812 | transport proteins | Membrane protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules into or out of a cell. The solutes move through the protein's interior. | 138 |
Bio Ch. 4-7 Flashcards
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