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| 3088421638 | Carbohydrates Empirical Formula | (CH2O)n | 0 | |
| 3088424332 | Carbohydrate functions | 1)Energy Storage (NOT THE MAIN ONE) 2)Cell to Cell Signaling | 1 | |
| 3088428991 | Covalent bonds much more varied for carbs. Therefore, what does this imply? | Vast array of 3-D structures and a variety of isomeric forms | 2 | |
| 3088430159 | Monosaccharides nomenclature | Aldehydes=Aldoses Ketone=Ketoses Example=D-Fructose is the most abundant ketohexose | 3 | |
| 3088435699 | Proteins use L isomers while sugars use... | D isomers | 4 | |
| 3088436157 | Epimers | Molecules that differ in configuration at only one chiral carbon | 5 | |
| 3088445825 | In solution the which form of sugar dominates? | Cyclic | 6 | |
| 3088450868 | Six-membered Ring | Pyranose | 7 | |
| 3088451534 | Five-membered Ring | Furanose | 8 | |
| 3088452280 | alpha vs. beta configurations | Alpha=down Beta=up | 9 | |
| 3088453571 | Monosaccharides | aldehydes or ketones that have two or more hydroxyl groups. Smallest ones have atleast three carbons | 10 | |
| 3088455763 | Reducing Sugar | -Can reduce other molecules and therefore are oxidized. -In open form have an aldehyde group -Fructose is a non-reducing sugar | 11 | |
| 3088460734 | Advanced glycation end products(AGEs) | Binding of sugars to proteins that have been implicated in pathological conditions | 12 | |
| 3088464568 | Anomeric Carbon bound to Alcohol | Glycosidic or O-glycosidic bond | 13 | |
| 3088465781 | Anomeric Carbon bound to Amine | N-glycosidic bond | 14 | |
| 3088466331 | Oligosaccharides | link tow or more sugars through O-glycosidic bonds | 15 | |
| 3088467507 | Glycosyltransferases | -catalyze glycosidic bond formation on any of the hydroxyl groups on sugar -Lots of hydroxyl groups =>diversity of bonds=>Different enzymes needed to make different bonds -1to2% of the genome | 16 | |
| 3088473312 | UDP-Glucose | activated sugar nucleotide that has energy needed to form a glycosidic bond. |  | 17 |
| 3088475150 | Glucosinolates | -Special class of glycosides in plants -Hydrolyzed into isothiocynate which is bitter -Discourages herbivory | 18 | |
| 3088478146 | Sucrose | -alpha-Glucose to beta-Fructose |  | 19 |
| 3088479366 | Lactose | -Galactose to Glucose -Beta 1to4 glycoside |  | 20 |
| 3088494760 | Maltose | -Glucose to Glucose -Alpha 1 to 4 glycoside |  | 21 |
| 3088498876 | Glucose | -Reducing Sugar -Down, Up, Down |  | 22 |
| 3088499794 | Fructose | -Non-reducing sugar -Up, down |  | 23 |
| 3088501258 | Galactose | -Reducing Sugar -Down, Up, Up |  | 24 |
| 3088504218 | Polysaccharides | Large polymeric oligosaccharides | 25 | |
| 3088504789 | Homopolymer | Polymer made up of same monomer | 26 | |
| 3088505703 | Glycogen | -Common in muscle and liver -Main strand is alpha 1 to 4 glycosides -Branching is alpha 1 to 6 -Forms hollow helix that allows more compact storage and easier access for enzymes |  | 27 |
| 3088510850 | Starch | -Nutritional reservoir in plants -Amylose -Amylopectin -Hydrolyzed by alpha-amylase | 28 | |
| 3088512293 | Amylose | unbranched alpha-(1,4) glycosides |  | 29 |
| 3088520547 | Amylopectin | -Branched at every thirty units -alpha (1to4) linkages -alpha (1to6) linkages |  | 30 |
| 3088524048 | Cellulose | -Most abundant organic compound in Biosphere -Long chains interact through H-bonding to generate rigid, supportive structure -High tensil strength -Beta (1to4) linkages | 31 | |
| 3088530282 | 3 classes of glycoproteins | 1)Glycoproteins 2)Proteoglycans 3)Mucins | 32 | |
| 3088530931 | Glycoproteins | -Mainly protein -Part of cell membranes for cell adhesion/interaction -Most proteins in serum are glycosylated | 33 | |
| 3088532764 | Proteoglycans | -Mainly Carbs -Protein conjugated to a glycosaminoglycan -Structural components and Lubricants | 34 | |
| 3088539601 | Mucins | -Mostly Carbs. -Proteins usually bound to N-acetylgalactosamine | 35 | |
| 3088542822 | All N-linked glycoproteins have what? | Pentasaccharide core consisting of 3 mannoses and 2 N-Acetylglucosamines -Additional sugars attach to this core to form variety of oligosaccharides | 36 | |
| 3088547764 | Erythropoietin | -Stimulates RBC count -Glycoprotein -Stabilized by Glycosylation -Glycosylation is unique to the organism that produced it. | 37 | |
| 3088553333 | Proteoglycans | -Bound to glycosaminoglycans which determine its properties. -Lubes and structures. -Mediate adhesion of cells -Bind factors that regulate cell proliferation | 38 | |
| 3088557063 | Glycosaminoglycans | -Repeating units of disaccharides(either glactosamine or glucosamine) -One of the two sugars has carboylate or sulfate group -Hyaluronate -Chondrotien -Chitin | 39 | |
| 3088560559 | Mucopolysaccharidoses | diseases from inability to degrade glycosamionglycans | 40 | |
| 3088583061 | Aggrecans | -shock absorber that are linked by hyaluronate(a glycosaminoglycan) -Water absorbs into hyaluronate improving cushioning | 41 | |
| 3088586747 | Chitin | -Glycosaminoglycan found in exoskeleton -second most abundant polysaccharide | 42 | |
| 3088588124 | Mucins | Form large polymeric structures -Abundant in saliva -Function as lubricants | 43 | |
| 3088589808 | Defining feature of mucins | Variable number of tandem repeats(VNTR) -rich in serine and threonine residues that are O-glycosylated | 44 | |
| 3088592558 | O-Antigen | -Common oligosaccharide foundation for other blood antigens | 45 | |
| 3088593797 | A-Antigen | Addition of one N-acetyl galactosamine | 46 | |
| 3088596574 | B-Antigen | Addition of one galactose | 47 | |
| 3088596917 | Why different blood types? | Variety means protection from diseases | 48 | |
| 3088598501 | I-cell diseases | lysosomal storage disease -Enzymes not tagged correctly=>end up in blood -Have no mannose-6-phosphate on enzyme | 49 | |
| 3088601286 | Glycan-binding proteins | bind specific carb structure on neighboring cells -Lectin | 50 | |
| 3088603118 | Lectins | -facilitate cell to cell interactions. -Contain two or more carb-binding sites -Link carbs via weak interactions | 51 | |
| 3088606148 | Selectins | -Type of lectins -Bind to immune system cells to sites of injury in inflammatory response | 52 | |
| 3088613367 | 53 |
