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| 9758690040 | What is the relationship between glycolysis, TCA and ETC? | All steps of carbohydrates oxidation in glycolysis and TCA cycle converge in ETC | 0 | |
| 9758719414 | What is main function of ETC as a final state of cellular repiration? | Energy produced through carbohydrates oxidation is used for ATP synthesis | 1 | |
| 9758744093 | What did Kennedy and Lehninger discovered in 1948? | That mitochondria is the site of biological energy transduction in a form of oxidative phosphorylation | 2 | |
| 9758781124 | What is the difference between inner and outer membranes of mitochondria? | Inner membrane of mitochondria is extensively folded compared to outer membrane | 3 | |
| 9758792098 | What contributes to compartmentalization in mitochndria? | Extensively folded inner membrane | 4 | |
| 9758810164 | What are the two compartments in mitochindria? | The inner membrane space between inner and outer membranes The matrix bound by inner membrane | 5 | |
| 9758837128 | In what compartment of mitochondria do the citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place? | the matrix | 6 | |
| 9758846032 | Where does the oxidate phosphorylation take place? | inner mitochondrial membrane | 7 | |
| 9758862400 | What type of reactions allow the flow of electrons from NADH andFADH2 to oxygen as a final electron acceptor? | Redox reactions | 8 | |
| 9758872084 | What drives electron flow from complex to complex? | very favorable = exergonic redox reactions | 9 | |
| 9758882499 | Where are the four complexes located in the mitochondria? | They are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane | 10 | |
| 9758929525 | What determines the direction electron flow? | Electrons flow from species with a more negative E0 to more positiveE0 | 11 | |
| 9760049588 | What are the three types of electron transfer? | 1) direct transfer as in Fe3+ to Fe2+ 2) transfer as hydrogen atom = H + electron 3) transfer as a hydrate ion, which bears 2 eletrons | 12 | |
| 9760355205 | Complexes I and II transfer electrons from NADH and Succinate to which complex? | Ubiquinone | 13 | |
| 9760363699 | What is another name for ubiquinone? | Coenzyme Q | 14 | |
| 9760370986 | How does the Ubiquinone change after it receives electrons from Complexes I and II? | It changes form Ubiquinone to Ubiquinol | 15 | |
| 9760388497 | What is the prosthetic group of a succinate? | FADH | 16 | |
| 9760408740 | What is structural difference of FADH as an electron donor? | It is a prosthetic group of succinate and does not dissociate from it | 17 | |
| 9760421629 | Where does succinate come from ? | TCA cycle where FADH as a permenant prosthetic group of succinate got reduced to FADH2 | 18 | |
| 9760438689 | What is the function of Complex III? | It catalyzes a transfer of electrons form reduced Coenzyme Q to Cytochrome C | 19 | |
| 9760454797 | What differs CoQ and CytC from Complexes I, II, III and IV? | they are able to move/shuttle between complexes, whereas Complexes I, II, III, and IV cannot. | 20 | |
| 9760468444 | What is the function of Complex IV? | It transfers electrons from CytC to the final electron acceptor O2 | 21 | |
| 9760503144 | Why does FADH2 feed electrons to ETC downstream from NADH? | Because it has a more positive reduction potential than NADH | 22 | |
| 9760516293 | How does the difference in reduction potential contributes to production of ATP? | FADH2 has a more positive reduction potential thus, FADH2-derived electrons pump fewer protons leading to reduced production of ATP | 23 | |
| 9760552325 | What is the relationship between the number of electrons transferred between complexes and ATP production? | Transfer of electrons between complexes is the key to the igniton for the H+ generator. the more H+ produced the norm ATP can be synthesized | 24 | |
| 9760572906 | What is the relationship between H+ concentration and ATP synthesis? | The higher is the H+ concentration in the inter membrane space the more ATP can be produced via ATP synthase | 25 | |
| 9760591324 | Complex I accepts electrons from and donates electrons to...? | Complex I accepts electrons from NADH and donates them to Coenzyme Q | 26 | |
| 9760603953 | Complex II accepts electrons from and donates electrons to...? | Complex II accepts electrons from Succinate/FADH2 and donates them to Coenzyme Q | 27 | |
| 9760618177 | Complex III accepts electrons from and donates electrons to....? | Complex III accepts electrons from QH or Ubiquinol and donates them to Cytochrome C | 28 | |
| 9760634959 | Complex IV accepts electrons from and donates electrons to....? | Complex IV accept electrons from CytC and donates them to O2 | 29 | |
| 9760645369 | How to find change in reduction potential? | Change in reduction potential equals energy Ered-Eoxid | 30 | |
| 9760664493 | Name reductant and oxidant of Complex I | Reductant is NADH and oxidant is Coenzyme Q | 31 | |
| 9760671174 | Name the reductant and oxidant of Complex II | Reductant is FADH and oxidant is Coenzyme Q | 32 | |
| 9760676865 | Name the redcoat and oxidant of Complex III | Reductant is Coenzyme QH2 and oxidant is Cytochrome C | 33 | |
| 9760690209 | Name the reductant and oxidant of Complex IV | Reductant is Cytochrome C and oxidant is O2 | 34 | |
| 9760757068 | Where can iron be found in ETC? | in non-heme iron proteins also called iron-sulfur clusters and in heme prosthetic groups | 35 | |
| 9760773474 | What special class of proteins have a heme prosthetic group? | cytochrome C | 36 | |
| 9760792065 | What makes Ubiquinone or Coenzyme Q efficient in electron transfer? | The fact that it is small and hydrophobic, which allows it to move freely in the lipid belayer between complexes I and II to complex III | 37 | |
| 9760811761 | Why does Coenzyme Q plays a central role in coupling electron flow? | Because it carries both electrons and hydrogen + | 38 | |
| 9760840860 | Which is the largest Complex in ETC? | Complex I | 39 | |
| 9760848866 | What are the two reactions that are coupled by Complex I? | Exergonic transfer of a hydride ion from NADH to coenzyme Q and endergonic transfer of 4 protons from the matrix to the inter membrane space | 40 | |
| 9760865449 | what is the net equation for Complex I? | NADH + 5H+ from matrix + Q -> NAD + QH2 + 4H+ inter membrane space | 41 | |
| 9760886553 | what regulates motor force of ATP synthase? | Concentration gradient and charge gradient | 42 | |
| 9760895803 | What is the only membrane bound enzyme in citric acid cycle? | Succinate dehydrogenase | 43 | |
| 9760903273 | What is the enzyme that participates both in citric acid cycled ETC? | succinate dehydrogenase | 44 | |
| 9760908290 | What are the electron carriers in Succinate dehydrogenase? | prosthetic group FAD, Fe-S and Coenzyme Q | 45 | |
| 9760929037 | How do the electrons are transferred from Succinate dehydrogenase to CoQ? | because FADH2 does not leave succinate dehydrogenase electrons are transferred to Fe-S clusters and then CoQ to enter into ETC | 46 | |
| 9760944326 | What is the interaction between Complex II and Ubiquinone? | Ubiquinone is able to enter and leave Complex II to further relocate from Complex II along lipid belayer to pass electrons to Complex III | 47 | |
| 9760976722 | Why Complex II is not considered as a pump? | Because it does not pump protons from matrix to inter membrane space while transferring electrons from FADH2 to CoQ | 48 | |
| 9761012706 | What is another name for Complex III? | Cytochrome bc | 49 | |
| 9761021662 | What is a Q cycle? | the mechanism of Complex III, where transfer of electrons from QH2 to CytC is coupled with transport of H+ from matrix to inter membrane space | 50 | |
| 9761047778 | Where is CytC formed? | in Complex III | 51 | |
| 9761056409 | After CytC is formed in ComplexIII what happens next? | electrons move to binuclear Copper center of Complex IV | 52 | |
| 9761069817 | What are the components of Complex IV? | 2 heme groups and 3 Cu centers - CuA and CuB | 53 | |
| 9761083618 | What is the net equation of Q cycle? | QH2 + 2CytC1 (oxidized) + 2H+ (N) -> Q + 2CytC1 (reduced) + 4H+ (P) | 54 | |
| 9761110808 | Flow of electrons in Q cycle? | CytC -> CuA center -> heme a -> heme a3-CuB center -> O2 | 55 | |
| 9761126866 | How many electrons and protons pass Complex IV per 1 molecular oxygen? | Per one molecule of O2 Cytochrome oxidase passes 4 electrons and simultaneously consumes 4 H+ from matrix | 56 | |
| 9761147090 | What is the final product of Complex IV catalysis? | molecular oxygen is reduced to two molecules of water | 57 | |
| 9761164553 | What is the net equation of Cytochrome oxidase redox reaction? | O2 + 4 Cyt C (reduced) + 8H+ from matrix -> 2 H2O + 2 CytC (reduced) + 4 H+ into inter membrane space | 58 | |
| 9761199653 | What is the primary reason we breath? | Because molecular oxygen is needed s a final electron acceptor in electron transport chain in order to produce ATP via coupled reaction | 59 | |
| 9761227009 | What inhibits NADH-Q oxidoreductase? | amytal and retinone | 60 | |
| 9761233440 | What inhibits Q-CytC oxidoreductase? | Antimycin A | 61 | |
| 9761239146 | What inhibits CytC oxidase? | CO2, N3-, CN- | 62 | |
| 9761261224 | What is the energy derived from electron transfer as a highly exergonic reaction used for? | to pump protons out of matrix into intermembrane space | 63 | |
| 9761286385 | How many protons are pumped from matrix to inter membrane space for each two electrons transferred to O2 by Complex I? | 4 protons | 64 | |
| 9761293233 | How many protons are pumped from matrix to inter membrane space for each two electrons transferred to O2 by Complex II? | 4 protons | 65 | |
| 9761297237 | How many protons are pumped from matrix to inter membrane space for each two electrons transferred to O2 by Complex IV? | 2 protons | 66 | |
| 9761307719 | How the energy of electron transfer translates into ATP synthesis? | energy produced by electron transfer is used to pump electrons from matrix to inter membrane space, and it is the created concentration and charge different that will drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase | 67 | |
| 9761325260 | What is the energy stored in electron transfer process called? | The proton motive force | 68 | |
| 9761332176 | What are the two components of proton motive force? | chemical potential energy in a form of concentration and electrochemical potential energy in the form of separation of charge | 69 | |
| 9761343369 | what is the total charge in the inter membrane space and why? | positive due to proton concentration created by complexes pumping H+ from matrix to inter membrane space | 70 | |
| 9761357771 | What is the pH difference between inter membrane space and matrix? | inter membrane space is 0.75 units less than the pH of the matrix | 71 | |
| 9761374898 | what does it mean that the pH in inter membrane space is 0.75 units less the in matrix? | It means that the concentration of H+ in inter membrane space is higher than in the matrix | 72 | |
| 9761393829 | How is the energy necessary to do work is made? | via spontaneous flow of electrons down the concentration gradient | 73 | |
| 9761417635 | What is the chemiosmotic model? | It is the transformation of electrochemical gradient to energy necessary to do work | 74 | |
| 9761430033 | Who suggested chemiosmotic model? | Peter Mitchell | 75 | |
| 9761438299 | What does the chemiosmotic succeeded to explain? | How oxidation of NADH is coupled to phosphorylation of ATP | 76 | |
| 9761460651 | Why Chemiosmotic Model is also called Chemipsmotic Coupling? | Because mitochondrial ATP synthesis is not possible without electron flow through the respiratory chain | 77 | |
| 9761478685 | What is the term for the force that powers ATP synthase? | Proton motive force | 78 | |
| 9761488672 | What are the two units ATP Synthase composed of? | Proton-conducting unit and catalytic unit | 79 | |
| 9761500216 | Why is ATP synthase referred to as a motor? | Because it is able to convert the proton motive force into a rotational force | 80 | |
| 9761518190 | What is the proton-conducting unit called? | F0 | 81 | |
| 9761523551 | Where in the mitochondria is F0 of ATP synthase located? | It is embedded into the inner membrane of mitochondria | 82 | |
| 9761535639 | What does F0 of ATP synthase consist of? | a, b, and c subunits and a proton channel | 83 | |
| 9761549224 | Where in mitochondria does F1 of ATP synthase located? | it protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix | 84 | |
| 9761563415 | What is another term for catalytic unit of ATP synthase? | F1 | 85 | |
| 9761572242 | What is F1 consists of? | 5 polypeptide chains |  | 86 |
| 9769979653 | What are the active sites of F1? | beta subunits | 87 | |
| 9769986703 | Why beta subunits in F1 are considered active sites? | because each beta subunit interact with different face of the gamma subunit | 88 |
