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| 3903226058 | Geometric isomer | Defines the position of chemical groups with respect to one another across a double bond. | 0 | |
| 3903226059 | Stereoisomer | Defines the position of chemical groups with respect to one another within a chiral molecule. | 1 | |
| 3903226060 | Isomer | Defines the 3D spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules that have the same chemical makeup. | 2 | |
| 3903226061 | Enthalpy | A thermodynamic value related to the breaking and forming of bonds in a chemical reaction | 3 | |
| 3903226062 | Free energy | A thermodynamic value related to both reaction spontaneity and the amount of available work. | 4 | |
| 3903226063 | Given the figure below which of the following statements is true? Wells on the curve represent the thermodynamically favored conformation for the molecule. Peaks on the curve represent the thermodynamically favored configuration for the molecule. This data illustrates the thermodynamic preference for different configurations of some simple molecule. The torsion angle of 120° can never be adopted by this molecule. The 180° torsion angle would be the trans configuration whereas the 360° angle would be the cis configuration | Wells on the curve represent the thermodynamically favored conformation for the molecule. |  | 5 |
| 3903226064 | Molecular configurations: only occur on atoms with four different groups covalently bonded to them. are only found in molecules that are considered stereoisomers of one another. are only D/L or R/S. define molecules with different spatial arrangements but the same chemical makeup. All of the above. | define molecules with different spatial arrangements but the same chemical makeup. | 6 | |
| 3903226065 | Mitochondria: are double membrane organelles found in both plant and animal cells. have two separate lumens, the matrix and intermembrane space, due to the presence of an inner and outer membrane. have an elaborate inner membrane that demonstrates drastic infoldings called cristae. carry out a host of reactions that produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. All of the above. | All of the above. | 7 | |
| 3903226066 | If we were to consider the transformation of water vapor to ice on a humid and freezing night in the winter where the system is comprised entirely of water molecules which of the following statements is true? The formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules constitutes an endothermic reaction and thus the process must be nonspontaneous under these conditions. The formation of crystalline ice represents a negative change in entropy for the system and thus the process must be nonspontaneous under these conditions. The process is exothermic due to an increase in hydrogen bonds within the system allowing for the spontaneous formation of ice under these conditions. The formation of crystalline ice under these conditions is spontaneous due to an increase in entropy for the system. | The process is exothermic due to an increase in hydrogen bonds within the system allowing for the spontaneous formation of ice under these conditions. | 8 | |
| 3903226067 | Macromolecule | A molecule with a molecular mass exceeding 10000 g/mol. | 9 | |
| 3903226068 | Supramolecular complex | A biological structure consisting of two or more different macromolecules. | 10 | |
| 3903226069 | Conformation | Molecules are free to interconvert between these without breaking covalent bonds. | 11 | |
| 3903226070 | Configuration | Molecules are free to interconvert between these provided that a covalent bond is broken. | 12 | |
| 3903226071 | Open system | Collection of matter that exchanges energy and matter with the surroundings. | 13 | |
| 3903226072 | Closed system | Collection of matter that exchanges only energy with the surroundings. | 14 | |
| 3903226073 | Isolated system | Collection of matter that does not exchange either energy or matter with the surroundings. | 15 | |
| 3903226074 | Equilibrium | The rate of the forward reaction matches the rate of the backward reaction. | 16 | |
| 3903226075 | Entropy | A thermodynamic value related to the number of degrees of freedom for each molecule in the system. | 17 | |
| 3903226076 | To be defined as a living organism something must: consist of at least half of the elements found on the periodic table of elements. be complex with a high degree of organization. utilize two of the four different classes of macromolecules. be made of only C, P, S, N, O, and H. None of the above are a key attribute to a living system. | be complex with a high degree of organization. | 18 | |
| 3903226077 | Carbon: has three valence shell electrons. is sp2 hybridized when it forms single covalent bonds to four different groups. is chiral when it forms single covalent bonds to four different groups. cannot form triple bonds. adopts a trigonal planer structure when sp3 hybridized. | is chiral when it forms single covalent bonds to four different groups. | 19 | |
| 3903226078 | Within living systems we find a host of molecules some of which are so large that they are commonly referred to as macromolecules. Which of the following statements regarding macromolecules is correct? Nucleic acids are information rich polymers comprised of nucleotides. Lipids are amphipathic molecules and polymers of monosaccharide's. Macromolecules come in three main classes. Carbohydrates are used only in energy conservation and utilization processes such as metabolism. All of the above. | Nucleic acids are information rich polymers comprised of nucleotides. | 20 | |
| 3903226079 | The plasma membrane: defines the size of the cell that is limited by the surface area to volume ratio. is found only in eukaryotic organisms. is a supramolecular complex comprised of only lipids and proteins. allows for the passage of only small nonpolar molecules like O2 and CO2. None of the above. | defines the size of the cell that is limited by the surface area to volume ratio. | 21 | |
| 3903226080 | Which of the following statements regarding the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is most accurate? Eukaryotes contain cytoskeletal elements, organelles, cell walls, and ribosomes whereas prokaryotes do not. Prokaryotes contain cell walls, a nucleoid, and a periplasmic space whereas eukaryotes do not. The cytoplasm of prokaryotes does not contain membrane bound organelles but is equipped with cytoskeletal elements and a densely packed DNA molecule. Chromatin is a unique feature of eukaryotic organisms. Prokaryotes, to ensure energy production, must contain mitochondrion. | Chromatin is a unique feature of eukaryotic organisms. | 22 | |
| 3903226081 | Which of the following statements regarding the implications of the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics is correct? The 1st law predicts the direction and amount of energy flow. Heat and work added to or taken away from a system constitute a change in entropy. The total amount of energy in the universe is changing. Spontaneous direction of energy flow is always toward a state of maximal total entropy. None of the above are correct. | Spontaneous direction of energy flow is always toward a state of maximal total entropy. | 23 | |
| 3903226082 | The formation of water vapor from hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) is a reaction whose change in entropy is negative for the system. Given this information which of the following statements is correct? The formation of water from hydrogen gas and oxygen gas must be endergonic. The production of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from water must be exergonic. If the reaction is sufficiently exothermic it could also be exergonic. Considering that more bonds are broken in reactants than formed in product the reaction must be endothermic. All of the above are correct. | If the reaction is sufficiently exothermic it could also be exergonic. | 24 | |
| 3903226083 | Two different drug companies produce the exact same drug (chemical makeup is identical) that hit the market within months of each other. The drug has a single chiral center and one of the drugs typically requires a dose that is twice as large as the other. Assuming that the drugs half-lives and packaging are identical what is a possible explanation for this data? | Considering that the drug has a chiral center it is reasonable to believe that the production of the drug lead to a racemic mixture. The drug company whose drug required a lower dose must have developed a technology allowing them to separate the stereoisomers. The biologically active drug was then packaged and sold on the market. If this technology was not used then only half of the drug in a given dose was the biologically active stereoisomer and thus will require two times the amount of drug. | 25 | |
| 3903226084 | Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which features are found in both? Which features are unique? | Found in both: DNA, Plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytosol, cytoplasm, cell wall. Unique to eukaryotes: Membrane bound organelles, cytoskeleton, nucleus, extracellular matrix. Unique to prokaryotes: nucleoid. | 26 | |
| 3903226085 | Define the endomembrane system. If a protein is destined to be implanted into a eukaryotic cells plasma membrane define its path through the endomembrane system. Where will it start? Where will it end? What organelles is it likely to progress through in the process? | The endomembrane system consists of several organelles within the eukaryotic cell including the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus. Within these organelles many cellular products destined for excretion or the plasma membrane are produced and modified and shipped from one location to another via vesicles that travel on cytoskeletal elements within the cell, in particular microtubules. A protein destined for the plasma membrane will begin its journey at the rough ER from which it will bud off in a transport vesicle heading toward the cis golgi. Upon making its way through the golgi the protein will once again bud off in a transport vesicle and be carried to the plasma membrane. | 27 | |
| 3903226086 | The production of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) from glucose and inorganic phosphate (Pi) is shown below: Glucose + Pi <> G6P ΔG´° = +13.8 kJ/mol Is this reaction spontaneous? This reaction is coupled to the reaction below by the enzyme hexokinase in the first step of glycolysis. Write out a complete equation for the coupled process. Is the new reaction spontaneous? ATP + H2O <> ADP + Pi + H+ ΔG´° = -30.5 kJ/mol | a) No it is not as it is endergonic. b) Glucose + ATP + H2O <> ADP + G6P + H+ ΔG´° = -16.7 kJ/mol. Yes the coupled process is exergonic and spontaneous due the exergonic hydrolysis of ATP | 28 | |
| 3903226087 | Cold packs are often used by sports trainers to "ice" the injury of a player when ice-packs are not readily available. The cold pack consists of crystalline ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) isolated from a compartment of water. To initiate the cooling process the compartment of water is ruptured exposing it to the ammonium nitrate. The cold pack is then applied to the player's injury. Given this information predict the sign on each of the following thermodynamic quantities and give a brief explanation as to why the signs are as you stated: ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS. | ΔG is negative as the dissolution and hydration of ammonium nitrate is a spontaneous. ΔH is positive and endothermic. If this were not the case then the "cold" pack would not become "cold". The sign on enthalpy is an indication that the ionic bonds holding the crystalline solid together are lost and are not replaced by a set of stronger interactions in the aqueous product. ΔS is positive. Mathematically this must be the case if ΔG is negative and ΔH is positive. Furthermore the dissolution of a crystalline solid will naturally lead to a drastic increase in entropy as the degrees of freedom of both ammonium and nitrate increase in the liquid phase relative to the solid phase. | 29 | |
| 3903226088 | Predict the sign for ΔS for each of the following systems: Water freezing. Water evaporating. Crystalline urea dissolving. Assembly of the plasma membrane from individual lipids. Assembly of a protein from individual amino acids. | Negative. Positive. Positive. Negative IF only the lipids are considered and not the solvent molecules. A further discussion for this type of process is covered in chapter 2. Negative. | 30 | |
| 3903226089 | To avoid dehydration during or after a long distance athletic event many athletes suggest sponging down with isopropanol. Why would this procedure help avoid the loss of water? | Isopropanol is an alcohol that in the liquid phase will have a large number of hydrogen bonds. Upon application to the skin isopropanol will begin to evaporate breaking the hydrogen bonds between each individual molecule. This process will be endothermic and thus will cool your skin and subsequently the capillary beds next to the surface of the skin. This will in turn cool your blood accomplishing what your body will naturally due through sweating. | 31 |
