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Biochemistry Flashcards

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6106981837acidA substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.0
6106981838baseA substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.1
6106981839ADP(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy2
6106981840ATP(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work3
6106981841adenine (A)Purine. One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA and DNA. Bonds with thymine.4
6106981842amino acidMonomer of Proteins5
6106981843bufferA solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.6
6106981844carbohydrateClass of nutrients that includes sugars and starches7
6106981845celluloseCarbohydrate component of plant cell walls.8
6106981846covalent bondA chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule9
6106981847cytosine (C)Pyrimidine. One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA and DNA. Bonds with guanine.10
6106981848dehydration reactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.11
6106981849denaturationA process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.12
6106981850disaccharideA double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.13
6106981851DNADeoxyribonucleic acid. A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.14
6106981852double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.15
6106981853emulsificationphysical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat16
6106981854enzymeA type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing17
6106981855fatA large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty acids; a triglyceride. Most function as energy-storage molecules.18
6106981856fatty acidMonomer of lipids, along with glycerol19
6106981857functional groupthe portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds20
6106981858glucoseC6H12O621
6106981859glycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.22
6106981860guanine (G)Purine. One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA and DNA. Bonds with cytosine.23
6106981861hexoseA six carbon sugar molecule24
6106981862hydrogen bondA type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.25
6106981863hydrolysis reactionA chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water26
6106981864hydrophilicWater loving27
6106981865hydrophobicWater fearing28
6106981866inorganic moleculeMolecules that do not contain the element carbon (in most cases)29
6106981867ionA particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)30
6106981868atomSmallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element31
6106981869ionic bondA chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.32
6106981870lipidEnergy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.33
6106981871moleculeA group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.34
6106981872monomerA simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers35
6106981873monosaccharideA single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.36
6106981874nucleotideA building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.37
6106981875oilTriglyceride, usually of plant origin that is liquid form38
6106981876organic moleculeA molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.39
6106981877pentoseA five carbon sugar molecule40
6106981878peptide bondThe chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid41
6106981879phospholipidA lipid made up of a glyerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; has two hydrophobic tails and a polar, hydrophilic head42
6106981880pH scalemeasurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 1443
6106981881polar covalent bondA covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally44
6106981882polymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.45
6106981883polypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.46
6106981884polysaccharideCarbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides47
6106981885proteinA three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.48
6106981886purinea nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; such as adenine or guanine; when joined with sugar or phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids49
6106981887pyrimidinea nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil50
6106981888RNARibonucleic acid. A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.51
6106981889saturated fatty acidA fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.52
6106981890soluteA substance that is dissolved in a solution.53
6106981891solventA liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances54
6106981892starchA storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.55
6106981893steroidA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.56
6106981894thymine (T)Pyrimidine. One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA. Bonds with adenine.57
6106981895trigycerideThe form of fat storage in adipose cells; consists of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids.58
6106981896unsaturated fatty acidA fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.59
6106981897uracil (U)Pyrimidine. One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA. Bonds with adenine.60

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