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| 5330429192 | electrons | revolves around nucleus | 0 | |
| 5330432263 | protons and neutrons | makes up nucleus | 1 | |
| 5330435162 | electrons | forms electron cloud | 2 | |
| 5330475742 | elements | made up of same type of atoms | 3 | |
| 5330481726 | atom | made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons | 4 | |
| 5330496133 | isotopes | atoms of same element but different number of NEUTRONS | 5 | |
| 5330502024 | radioisotopes | some=radioactive, nuclei is unstable and breaks down @ constant rate | 6 | |
| 5330509912 | 3 uses for radioisotopes | 1. carbon dating (determine age) 2. tracers (detect where material is traveling) 3. kill bacteria/cancer cells | 7 | |
| 5330532295 | compounds | 2+ elements in DEFINITIVE PROPORTIONS ex) water, salt, carbon dioxide | 8 | |
| 5330593401 | cells are | complex chemical factories | 9 | |
| 5330693854 | Organic Compounds | contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O), are chemicals of life ex) Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids | 10 | |
| 5330840172 | Inorganic Compounds | usually "support" life--no specific ratio of carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen ex) water (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2) | 11 | |
| 5331530865 | chemical bonds | hold the atoms in a molecule together | 12 | |
| 5331541739 | 2 types of chemical bonds | 1. ionic 2. covalent | 13 | |
| 5331551850 | ionic bonds (losing/gaining) | occurs -when 1+ electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another -when an atom loses an electron it is a POSITIVE charge -when an atom gains an electron it is a NEGATIVE charge -these newly charged atoms are now called IONS ex) NaCl (salt) | 14 | |
| 5331828949 | covalent bonds (sharing) | -occur when electrons are SHARED by atoms -these new structures that result from covalent bonds are called MOLECULES **in general, the more chemical bonds a molecule has, the more energy it contains | 15 | |
| 5332510235 | polar covalent | electrons are unevenly distributed so there are slight changes around molecule the sharing of electrons between two different elements | 16 | |
| 5332522748 | non-polar covalent | sharing of electrons between two like elements | 17 | |
| 5331889698 | molecules | result from covalent bonds | 18 | |
| 5331889699 | ions | result from ionic bonds | 19 | |
| 5331910828 | mixture | a material composed of TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS that are PHYSICALLY MIXED ex) salt and pepper mixed, sugar and sand CAN BE EASILY SEPARATED | 20 | |
| 5331961569 | two parts of solution | 1. solute 2. solvent | 21 | |
| 5332130093 | solute | SUBSTANCE that is BEING DISSOLVED (sugar/salt) | 22 | |
| 5332161867 | solvent | SUBSTANCE in which SOLUTE DISSOLVES | 23 | |
| 5332135138 | suspensions | materials that do not dissolve ex) blood, cells | 24 | |
| 5332716717 | compound recipe | composed of chemical #'s and symbols | 25 | |
| 5332725053 | structural formula | line drawings of the compound--shows elements in proportion and how they are bonded |  | 26 |
| 5332743520 | molecular/empirical formula | the ACTUAL formula for a compound |  | 27 |
| 5465301857 | Empirical formula | Simplified formula | 28 | |
| 5332788521 | acids | +OH almost always begin w "H" bc excess of H+ (hydrogen) ions ex) lemon juice (6), stomach acid (1.5), acid rain (4.5), normal rain (6) |  | 29 |
| 5333004640 | facts about acids | turn litmus paper blue, usually taste sour | 30 | |
| 5333010562 | acidic | pH lower than 7 | 31 | |
| 5333012990 | alkaline (basic) | pH greater than 7 | 32 | |
| 5333025755 | carbonic acid | CO2 + water even if we were cavepeople we would be releasing | 33 | |
| 5333048407 | bases | almost always end w/ -OH bc of excess of hydroxide ions (oxygen + hydrogen) ex) blood, pure water, bleach | 34 | |
| 5333194417 | facts about bases | turn litmus blue, feel slippery to touch, taste bitter | 35 | |
| 5333057676 | buffer solutions | maintain a specific pH | 36 | |
| 5333174052 | Neutralization Reactions | when an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water Acid + Base --> salt + water |  | 37 |
| 5333174073 | aq stands for | aqueous in a solution | 38 | |
| 5333232618 | pH Scale | -measures degree of substance alkalinity or acidity -ranges from 0 to 14 -0 to 5: strong acid -6 to 7: neutral -8 to 14: strong base | 39 | |
| 5333248675 | Homeostasis (neutrality) | -goal of body is to maintain this -when pH is concerned, we add weak acids & bases to prevent sharp changes in pH --these are called BUFFERS | 40 | |
| 5333266841 | ORGANIC COMPOUNDS | LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES, NUCLEIC ACIDS, and PROTEINS | 41 | |
| 5333275774 | CARBOHYDRATES | -saccharides -living things use as key source of ENERGY -plants use for structure (CELLULOSE) -include sugars & complex carbohydrates (starches) -contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen -hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to oxygen ex) |  | 42 |
| 5333331943 | monosaccharides (simple sugars) | -all have the formula C6 H12 O6 -all have a single ring structure ex) glucose |  | 43 |
| 5333450759 | Disaccharides (double sugars) | -all have the formula C12 H22 O11 -sucrose (table sugar) is an example |  | 44 |
| 5333487874 | disaccharide process | take away H and O to make stable +H2O--excess water expelled |  | 45 |
| 5333360665 | Polysaccharides | -formed of three or more simple sugar units -glycogen=animal starch stored in liver & muscles -cellulose= indigestible in humans, forms cell walls -starches=used as energy storage -bracket or squiggly line means cont. on -complex carbs=why pasta & potatoes good for athletes |  | 46 |
| 5333482095 | work | in ---> out | 47 | |
| 5333307298 | lactic acid | lactate | 48 | |
| 5333529433 | new section | How are complex carbs formed and broken down? | 49 | |
| 5333532617 | Dehydration Synthesis | getting water (condensation reactions) -combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the REMOVAL OF WATER ex) monosaccharide + monosaccharide --> disaccharide + water or (C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 --> C12 O12 H22 + H2O) -polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of water --they are the stored extra sugars known as starch |  | 50 |
| 5333587531 | Hydrolysis (hydro=water, lysis=break apart) (reverse of dehydration synthesis) | addition of WATER to a compound SPLIT it into smaller subunits -(also called chemical digestion) ex) disaccharide + H2O --> monosaccharide + monosaccharide **C12 O12 H22 + H2O --> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 remove H and OH from acids and get water H + H + O (reactants) --> H2O(products) |  | 51 |
| 5333620964 | amino acids | building blocks of proteins -20 essential amino acids -R group = variable | 52 | |
| 5333620963 | lipids (fats) | fat, oils, waxes, steroids -fat when solid @ room temp -oil when liquid @ room temp contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the hydrogen is NOT in a 2:1 ratio -tend to be large molecules (see ppt pic) -provide 2x the energy as carbs -30% of diet=fat -tend to be large molecules |  | 53 |
| 5425727705 | one glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids --> | neutral fat/lipid func. in energy, storage, protection, and insulation |  | 54 |
| 5425814307 | fats found | chiefly in animals | 55 | |
| 5425814308 | oils and waxes found | chiefly in plants | 56 | |
| 5425819206 | oils -- @ room temp | liquid | 57 | |
| 5425820776 | waxes -- @ room temp | solid | 58 | |
| 5425834429 | lipids & proteins are key components of | cell membranes | 59 | |
| 5425847335 | steroids are -- used to | special lipids, build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol | 60 | |
| 5425866566 | PROTEINS | -made up of amino acids (there are 20 essential) -composed of MANY amino acid subunits -arrangement of amino acid forms primary structure of proteins -NCHO(S) R=variable -attached to the methyl group is an R group (look @ biomolecule circles from extra help) |  | 61 |
| 5425912733 | basic amino acid form | a carboxyl group: on one end methyl group that only has one hydrogen: in middle an amino group: on the other end R group is attached to methyl group -carboxyl on top? -amine on bottom? |  | 62 |
| 5425978230 | an R group is... | Any group of atoms-- -this changes the properties of the protein!!!! |  | 63 |
| 5425992180 | In a reaction... energy taken in: | endothermic |  | 64 |
| 5425992181 | In a reaction... energy given off: | exothermic |  | 65 |
| 5428103222 | subunit of protein | amino acids | 66 | |
| 5428115832 | Functional Groups | group of atoms frequently attached to organic molecules | 67 | |
| 5428131692 | exs. of func. groups | hydroxyl groups--> form alcohol carbonyl groups--> form aldehydes or ketones carboxyl groups--> form carboxylic acids amino groups--> form amines | 68 | |
| 5428173806 | major protein functions | -growth and repair -energy -buffer--helps keep body pH constant | 69 | |
| 5429072450 | Dipeptide | -formed by two amino acid subunits -formed by the process of dehydration synthesis -amino acid + amino acid --- dipeptide + water |  | 70 |
| 5429082494 | hydrolysis of a dipeptide | -breaking down of a dipeptide into amino acids -dipeptide + h2o --- amino acid + amino acid |  | 71 |
| 5429090122 | polypeptide (protein) | -composed of THREE OR MORE amino acids linked by synthesis reactions exs. of proteins: insulin, hemoglobin, enzymes **extremely large number of diff. proteins base for variability: diff in #, kinds, & sequences of amino acids in proteins | 72 | |
| 5429153543 | nucleic acids | -in all cells -composed of NUCLEOTIDES -store & transmit heredity/genetic info nucleotides consist of three parts 1. 5-carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base |  | 73 |
| 5429185727 | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | -contains genetic code of instructions that direct a cell's behavior thru the synthesis of proteins -found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few other organelles) | 74 | |
| 5429198747 | RNA (ribonucleic acid) | -directs cellular protein synthesis -found in ribosomes & nucleoli |  | 75 |
| 5429206677 | CHEMICAL REACTIONS | a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals -always involve: the breaking of bonds in reactants & the formation of new bonds in products | 76 | |
| 5429209671 | REACTANTS | elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction | 77 | |
| 5429211361 | PRODUCTS | elements or compounds that are produced in a chemical reaction | 78 | |
| 5429220797 | ENZYMES AND ENZYME ACTION | -enzymes lower the energy needed to start a chemical reaction (ACTIVATION ENERGY) most enzymes end in -ase -begin to be destroyed above 45 C (above this temp all proteins begin to be destroyed) | 79 | |
| 5429222064 | catalyst | inorganic or organic substance which SPEEDS UP THE RATE of a chemical reaction WITHOUT entering the chemical itself | 80 | |
| 5429226015 | enzymes | organic catalysts made of protein | 81 | |
| 5429242924 | when enzymes unfold | denature | 82 | |
| 5429270466 | for an enzyme to affect the rate of a reaction: | 1. must form temporary association w/ substance(s) whose reaction rate it affects these substances are known as substrates 2. enzyme-substrate complex 3. When enzyme-substrate complex is formed, enzyme action takes place 4. When reaction completes, enzyme & products separate; can now form additional complexes | 83 | |
| 5441214297 | the association between enzyme & substrate, thought to form a close physical association between molecules | enzyme-substrate complex | 84 | |
| 5441221933 | substrate | molecules upon which an enzyme acts | 85 | |
| 5441223886 | molecule is shaped so that | can only pick up SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE molecule enzyme substrate--->product | 86 | |
| 5441233783 | lock and key theory | each enzyme is specific for one and ONLY one substrate (one lock=one key) |  | 87 |
| 5441238983 | factors influencing rate of enzyme action | 1. pH - optimum in most living things is close to 7 (neutral) **high or low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity 2. temperature - strongly influences activity - optimum temp for maximum enzyme function is usually about 35-40 C -reactions proceed slowly below optimal temps **-above 45 C most enzymes are denatured (change in their shape so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme can't function) 3. CONCENTRATIONS of enzyme and substrate **when there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules -- the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off. | 88 | |
| 5441256716 | extreme catalyst |  | 89 | |
| 5441259829 | regular catalyst | check pic on edmodo rate y value temp x value (straight line, even slop going up) | 90 | |
| 5441272331 | reactants---> | product | 91 | |
| 5443230099 | enzymes are | proteins that speed up chemical reactions | 92 | |
| 5444375032 | Pepsin | In stomach Breaks down particles | 93 | |
| 5444375033 | Lipase | Converts fat to energy | 94 | |
| 5444375034 | Amalase | Found in mouth Breaks down carbs?? | 95 | |
| 5444375035 | All enzymes share a few characteristics | 1. An active site 2. Enzymes are very specific--can only bond to certain thing | 96 | |
| 5444375036 | Many glucose make | Glycogen | 97 | |
| 5444375037 | Enzymes are biologically active and | Serve as catalysts | 98 | |
| 5455671841 | Digestive enzymes | Make absorption possible | 99 | |
| 5455671842 | Digestive system | Transforms food in order to absorb nutrients | 100 | |
| 5455671843 | Most digestive enzymes produced in | Pancreas | 101 | |
| 5455671844 | Body produces enzymes based on | The food we eat | 102 | |
| 5455671845 | Small intestine | Amylase completes digestion of carbs | 103 | |
| 5455671846 | Lipase | Digests fats | 104 | |
| 5455671847 | Raw foods | Rich in enzymes Help with digestion | 105 | |
| 5455671848 | Villi | Take nutrients/proteins, carbs, fats and put into bloodstream | 106 | |
| 5455671849 | Catalase | Breaks down hydrogen peroxide Produced naturally in chemical reactions | 107 | |
| 5455671850 | Inhibition | Blocks active site | 108 | |
| 5455671851 | Allosteric | Change site | 109 | |
| 5455671852 | Competitive | Compete for spot | 110 | |
| 5455671853 | Co-factors | Not proteins (generally) necessary to start reactions | 111 | |
| 5455671854 | Gene regulation | Activate-turn on Inhibit-turn off | 112 | |
| 5455671855 | Tug | Lowers activation energy to break into product | 113 |
